Abstract Background Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are an increasingly popular approach
for identifying confounding variables that require conditioning when estimating causal …

ABSTRACT Background Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are an increasingly popular
approach for identifying confounding variables that require adjustment when estimating …

Background & aims: Iodine is important for thyroid function during pregnancy to support fetal
growth, but studies of maternal iodine status and birth outcomes are conflicting. We aimed to …

Selection bias is well known to affect surveys and epidemiological studies. There have been
numerous methods proposed to reduce its effects, so many that researchers may be unclear …

Objectives The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an inflammatory biomarker which is
useful in cancer prognostication. We aimed to investigate the differences in baseline NLR …

Severe iodine deficiency in mothers is known to impair foetal development. Pregnant
women in the UK may be iodine insufficient, but recent assessments of iodine status are …

The assessment of image quality in medical imaging often requires observers to rate images
for some metric or detectability task. These subjective results are used in optimization …

Background In the peripheral blood, the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet–
lymphocyte ratio (PLR) change in response to malignancy. These biomarkers are …

Background There is a paucity of real-world outcome data comparing clopidogrel, prasugrel
and ticagrelor in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for ST-segment …

Background Severe iodine insufficiency in pregnancy has significant consequences, but
there is inadequate evidence to indicate what constitutes mild or moderate insufficiency, in …