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Original ResearchTobaccoChronic and Acute Effects of Smoking on Left and Right Ventricular Relaxation in Young Healthy Smokers
Section snippets
Participants
The inclusion criteria were age < 40 years, BMI < 25 kg/m2, normal BP, and normal parameters of echocardiographic examination (wall thickness, left and right chamber size, valvular function, and left and right ventricular systolic function). All the participants were healthy volunteers with normal results of routine physical examination, chest radiography, standard resting ECG, and routine laboratory tests. The inclusion criteria for smokers were additionally smoking > 10 cigarettes per day
Results
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the study population. The parameters of the physical examination and velocity time integral (VTI) of the pulmonary valve and aortic valve flows reflecting RV and LV stroke volumes25 are shown in Table 2. Only heart rate showed significant difference and was higher in HS-2 than in HS-1 and the control group.
The parameters of LV function are shown in Table 3. MVF E was not significantly lower in HS-1 and HS-2 than in the control group, while MVF A was higher
Discussion
The effects of chronic cigarette smoking are well established. Smoking causes endothelial dysfunction, coronary atherosclerosis, higher heart rate, elevated BP, and may lead to increased myocardial oxygen consumption.152627 The raise in systemic vascular resistance was observed even in otherwise healthy young smokers.28 Acute inhalation of nicotine temporarily decreases nitrate, nitrite, and serum antioxidant concentrations in the plasma29 and is associated with accelerated heart rate and
Conclusions
Conclusions are as follows: (1) changes of MVF and PVF demonstrate impairment of LV relaxation in healthy smokers before and after smoking one cigarette; (2) assessment of PVF is a good method to reflect changes of LV diastolic function, even when MVF remain normal; and (3) changes of TVF indicate that in healthy smokers acute consumption of nicotine causes impairment of RV relaxation.
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The work was performed at the Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Institute of Dentistry, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.