Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue function in obesity and metabolic syndrome

doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.07.003

Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators

Volume 121, Part A, September 2015, Pages 24-41

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.07.003 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Low-grade inflammation is a key factor for the development of metabolic syndrome.
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Dysfunctional adipose tissue contributes to obesity-associated chronic inflammation.
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Marine n-3 fatty acids can attenuate adipose tissue inflammation and dysfunction.
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n-3 fatty acids-derived lipid mediators have potent proresolutive properties.
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n-3 fatty acids-derived lipid mediators are beneficial in animal models of obesity.

Abstract

The n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) have been reported to improve obesity-associated metabolic disorders including chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Growing evidence exits about adipose tissue as a target in mediating the beneficial effects of these marine n-3 PUFAs in adverse metabolic syndrome manifestations. Therefore, in this manuscript we focus in reviewing the current knowledge about effects of marine n-3 PUFAs on adipose tissue metabolism and secretory functions. This scope includes n-3 PUFAs actions on adipogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis as well as on fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. The effects of n-3 PUFAs on adipose tissue glucose uptake and insulin signaling are also summarized. Moreover, the roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and AMPK activation in mediating n-3 PUFAs actions on adipose tissue functions are discussed. Finally, the mechanisms underlying the ability of n-3 PUFAs to prevent and/or ameliorate adipose tissue inflammation are also revised, focusing on the role of n-3 PUFAs-derived specialized proresolving lipid mediators such as resolvins, protectins and maresins.

Section snippets

Obesity and adipose tissue

Obesity constitutes a global health problem responsible of 2.8 million deaths each year and whose prevalence has almost doubled in the last thirty years [1]. This condition, characterized by an excessive fat accumulation and accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation, is related to metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis or hypertension being those main components of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) [2].

Adipose tissue plays a key role in the pathogenesis of

N-3 PUFAs in obesity and related-metabolic disorders

N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential nutrients derived from marine or vegetal sources, being the most relevant those from marine origin as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), which can be found in oily fish including salmon, tuna, mackerel, anchovy and sardines [31]. Moreover, although the vegetable derivative, α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3) is able to be converted to EPA and DHA into the organism, the conversion rate is

N-3 PUFAs actions in adipose tissue

A significant number of studies consider that n-3 PUFAs are able to improve impaired metabolism in obesity by modulating main metabolic pathways in key metabolic organs such as adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle [71], [38], [72], [73], [46], [15], [31]. Here, we will focus in reviewing the actions and mechanisms of marine origin n-3 PUFAs in adipose tissue metabolism and functions.

Effects of n-3 PUFAs-derived SPMs administration in obesity and MetS

Recently, some research groups have focused on analyzing the capacity of some SPMs to improve adipose tissue inflammation in obesity and their associated metabolic complications [152], [171]. Table 3 summarizes the studies in animal models of obesity and related disorders treated with different n-3 PUFAs-derived SPMs.

González-Périz et al. [55] showed that treatment with RvE1 and PD1 to ob/ob mice mimicked the beneficial actions of n-3 PUFAs supplementation. Thus, RvE1 was able to attenuate

Conclusions

Obesity leads to several chronic morbidities including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis and hypertension, which are major components of MetS. Low-grade inflammation has been identified as a key factor in the development of MetS features affecting obese subjects. WAT metabolism and WAT-derived factors (fatty acids and adipokines) play an important role in the development of these metabolic disturbances. In obesity, the expanding WAT makes a substantial contribution to the

Acknowledgements

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The authors received support for their current and previous studies about effects of omega-3 fatty acids and derived lipid mediators by Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) of the Government of Spain (BFU2012-36089 and AGL 2009-10873/ALI) and Navarra Government (Department of Education), and from Línea Especial “Nutrición, Obesidad y Salud” University of Navarra, and Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn),

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¹: Both co-authors contributed equally to this work.

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Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue function in obesity and metabolic syndrome

Highlights

Abstract

Section snippets

Obesity and adipose tissue

N-3 PUFAs in obesity and related-metabolic disorders

N-3 PUFAs actions in adipose tissue

Effects of n-3 PUFAs-derived SPMs administration in obesity and MetS

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

J. Lipid Res.

J. Biol. Chem.

Cell Metab.

Best Pract. Res. Gastroenterol.

J. Biol. Chem.

Cell

Mol. Cell Endocrinol.

J. Lipid Res.

Surgery

Nutrition

J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

J. Nutr.

J. Nutr.

J. Nutr.

J. Lipid Res.

Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids

J. Nutr. Biochem.

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

Metabolism

Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Basis Dis.

Atherosclerosis

Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids

J. Pharmacol. Sci.

Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids

J. Nutr.

Cell Metab.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

Am. J. Clin. Nutr.

Am. J. Clin. Nutr.

J. Lipid Res.

J. Lipid Res.

J. Nutr. Biochem.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

Adipose tissue: from lipid storage compartment to endocrine organ

Diabetes

Signalling role of adipose tissue: adipokines and inflammation in obesity

Biochem. Soc. Trans.

Human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into functional brown adipocytes

Stem Cells Dayt. Ohio.

An endocrine role for brown adipose tissue

Am. J. Physiol.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-alpha and -gamma, and cAMP-mediated pathways, control retinol-binding protein-4 gene expression in brown adipose tissue

Endocrinology

Myostatin knockout drives browning of white adipose tissue through activating the AMPK-PGC1alpha-Fndc5 pathway in muscle

FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol.

a key player in obesity related disorders

Curr. Pharm. Des.

Regulation of adipokine secretion by n-3 fatty acids

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue

J. Clin. Invest.

Adipose tissue macrophages in the development of obesity-induced inflammation, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Arch. Pharm. Res.

Adipose tissue inflammation in glucose metabolism

Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.

Macrophage polarization in obesity and type 2 diabetes: weighing down our understanding of macrophage function?

Front. Immunol.

Increased inflammatory properties of adipose tissue macrophages recruited during diet-induced obesity

Diabetes

Phenotypic switching of adipose tissue macrophages with obesity is generated by spatiotemporal differences in macrophage subtypes

Diabetes