Incidence and Predictors of Stroke Associated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.03.046

The American Journal of Cardiology

Volume 104, Issue 3, 1 August 2009, Pages 349-353

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.03.046 Get rights and content

Stroke is a serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Clinical characteristics associated with this complication have not been well defined. Data were analyzed from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. All patients undergoing PCI from January 1, 2004, to March 30, 2007, were included in the analysis (n = 706,782). Stroke is defined in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry as a central neurologic deficit persisting >72 hours with onset starting anytime in the cardiac catheterization laboratory until the time of hospital discharge. Periprocedural stroke developed in 0.22% of patients (n = 1,540). Patients who developed a stroke had a greater prevalence of concomitant medical illnesses and were more likely to present with an acute coronary syndrome. Patients with a stroke had a greater percentage of high-risk coronary lesions and worse PCI angiographic results. In multivariable analysis, known cerebrovascular disease, older age, acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina, ST- and non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction), and use of an intra-aortic balloon pump were factors most strongly associated with stroke. In-hospital mortality was 30% for patients who developed a stroke compared with 1% for those without stroke. In conclusion, stroke developing in association with PCI is rare but a devastating complication. Older patients and those with known cerebrovascular disease and acute coronary syndromes appear to be at the highest risk of stroke. The strong association of in-hospital stroke after PCI with acute coronary syndromes is noteworthy.

Section snippets

Methods

Data collection and analysis within the NCDR have been previously described.7, 8 The NCDR, cosponsored by the American College of Cardiology and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention, collects clinical data of percutaneous coronary procedures from facilities across the United States into a common database that provides institutions with the ability to benchmark their care. Only institutions with submissions passing the inclusion and exclusion criteria for data completeness

Results

Of the 706,782 patients who underwent PCI from 637 hospitals, 0.22% of patients developed an in-hospital stroke (n = 1,540) and 99.78% of patients did not develop a stroke (n = 705,242).

Patients who developed a stroke after PCI were more likely to be older, women, underweight, and have greater prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension compared with patients who did not develop a stroke (Table 1). There was greater incidence of heart failure, known cerebrovascular disease (previous

Discussion

In this largest cohort analysis of patients who develop an in-hospital stroke in association with PCI, we demonstrated that stroke is a rare but devastating complication with high in-hospital mortality. The incidence of stroke in this analysis is a little lower than that previously reported.2, 3, 4 Consistent with previous studies, we observed that known cerebrovascular disease and presence of systemic arterial hypertension were independent risk factors for development of stroke in association

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Coronary revascularization interventions have been associated with post-intervention cognitive decline. Hence, this systematic review aims to compare the long-term effects of different coronary revascularization interventions on cognition. The Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases were searched for articles published between January 2009 and January 2023. Articles on clinical trials and cohort studies that compared at least two different interventions with a minimum three months follow up were included to evaluate the consequences of different intervention techniques on cognition. Each selected study was evaluated using a revised tool to assess the risk of bias in randomized trials (RoB 2), and Risk of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies - of Interventions(ROBINS-1) was used for evaluating non-randomized studies. Five eligible studies, with four different comparisons, were included. Out of these studies, three RCTs and two cohort studies were included A participants gone through different procedures; on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI conventional cardiopulmonary bypass (CCPB), the miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass (MCPB) and endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting (Endo-CABG). These comparisons showed that different interventions have different effects on cognition; however, there is no solid evidence of correlations between them. Thus, the results of this review suggest that there should be greater focus on comparing interventions and that a reasonable follow-up duration should be set to avoid the influence of confounders. There is also a need to determine the effect of long-term cognitive decline while reducing interference by other variables.
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El ictus es la complicación neurológica más frecuente tras una coronariografía. Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar las diferencias clínicas y pronósticas entre los códigos ictus (CI) poscateterismo y el resto de CI intra y extrahospitalarios.
Registro prospectivo de activación de CI entre marzo de 2011 y abril de 2016 en nuestro centro. Comparamos características clínicas, radiológicas, tratamiento administrado, situación funcional y mortalidad a 3 meses dependiendo de si se trató de un CI poscateterismo, del resto de CI intrahospitalarios o extrahospitalarios.
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El ictus poscateterismo tiene una menor gravedad inicial, aparece más frecuentemente como AIT y presenta menor incidencia de oclusión arterial proximal. La mayoría no recibe tratamiento de reperfusión, pero cuando existe oclusión arterial, la mayor parte de ellos son tratados mediante trombectomía.
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The sample included 2224 patients, of whom 31 presented stroke post-catheterisation. Baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was lower for post-catheterisation SC than for other in-hospital SC and pre-hospital SC (5, 10, and 7, respectively; P = .02), and SC was activated sooner (50, 100, and 125 minutes, respectively; P < .001). Furthermore, post-catheterisation SC were more frequently due to transient ischaemic attack (38%, 8%, and 9%, respectively; P < .001) and less frequently to proximal artery occlusion (17.9%, 31.4%, and 39.2%, respectively; P = .023). The majority of patients with post-catheterisation strokes (89.7%) did not receive reperfusion therapy; 60% of the patients with proximal artery occlusion received endovascular treatment. The mortality rate was 12.95% for post-catheterisation strokes and 25% for all other in-hospital strokes. Although patients with post-catheterisation stroke had a better functional prognosis, the adjusted analysis showed that this effect was determined by their lower initial severity.
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There is a scarcity of data on incidence, risk factors, especially clinical severity, and long-term prognostic impact of periprocedural stroke after coronary revascularization in contemporary real-world practice. Among 14,867 consecutive patients undergoing first coronary revascularization between January 2011 and December 2013 (percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]: N = 13258, and coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]: N = 1609) in the Coronary Revascularization Demonstrating Outcome Study in Kyoto PCI/CABG registry Cohort-3, we evaluated the details on periprocedural stroke. Periprocedural stroke was defined as stroke within 30 days after the index procedure. Incidence of periprocedural stroke was 0.96% after PCI and 2.13% after CABG (log-rank p <0.001). Proportions of major stroke defined by modified Rankin Scale ≥2 at hospital discharge were 68% after PCI, and 77% after CABG. Independent risk factors of periprocedural stroke were acute coronary syndrome (ACS), carotid artery disease, advanced age, heart failure, and end-stage renal disease after PCI, whereas they were ACS, carotid artery disease, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignancy, and frailty after CABG. There was excess long-term mortality risk of patients with periprocedural stroke relative to those without after both PCI and CABG (hazard ratio 1.71 [1.25 to 2.33], and hazard ratio 4.55 [2.79 to 7.43]). In conclusion, incidence of periprocedural stroke was not negligible not only after CABG, but also after PCI in contemporary real-world practice. Majority of patients with periprocedural stroke had at least mild disability at hospital discharge. ACS and carotid artery disease were independent strong risk factors of periprocedural stroke after both PCI and CABG. Periprocedural stroke was associated with significant long-term mortality risk after both PCI and CABG.
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Coronary artery diseaseIncidence and Predictors of Stroke Associated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Section snippets

Methods

Results

Discussion

Am J Cardiol

J Am Coll Cardiol

Am Heart J

J Am Coll Cardiol

J Am Coll Cardiol

J Am Coll Cardiol

Neurologic complications of cardiac catheterization

Neurology

Stroke complicating percutaneous coronary interventions: incidence, predictors, and prognostic implications

Circulation

Coronary artery disease
Incidence and Predictors of Stroke Associated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention