The goitre-soil-water-diet relationship: case study in Plateau State, Nigeria

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(91)90246-B

Science of The Total Environment

Volume 107, September 1991, Pages 1-11

https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(91)90246-B Get rights and content

Abstract

The effect of drinking water, soil mineral composition and nutrition on the incidence of goitre in Plateau State, Nigeria, was studied. The study shows that the water used for drinking and cooking in the goitrous areas is low in iodine content and trihalomethanes, but high in mineral content, including calcium, magnesium, nitrate, chloride and total hardness. The water is also high in organic, inorganic and bacterial pollution content. Soil pH in the goitrous area is acidic and mineral composition follows the same pattern indicated from water analysis. Soil iodine content is very low. Diet in the goitrous zone consists mostly of foods with high cyanogenic glycoside and low iodide. The ratios of iodide to thiocyanate in urine excreted by subjects from both goitrous and non-goitrous areas show a strong correlation with goitre endemia. These studies exemplify goitre as having multicausal factors — lack/deficiency of iodine, familial or genetic tendencies, diet, and pollutants which serve as goitrogens.

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Iodine in water has been used as an indicator of the ‘iodine status’ of an area, and it has been suggested that a low iodine content in drinking water is a contributing factor to the onset of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, which the most visible manifestation is goiter. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the importance of groundwater iodine content for the regional differences in goiter frequency observed in rural areas in the North Eastern Morocco where groundwater is the main source of drinking water.
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Iodine Content in Fish and Other Food Products from East Africa Analyzed by ICP-MS
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The purpose of this study was to measure the iodine content in sea water fish, fresh water fish, and different foods of plant origin commonly consumed in East Africa in order to evaluate dietary iodine sources for the population in the selected areas. Fish, and food items of cereals, vegetables, legumes, salt, and tea, were obtained from local market sampling areas in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Burundi. In Ethiopia, water samples were also collected. The biological samples were dried, homogenized, and analyzed for iodine content by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) using tellurium as an internal standard. Quality control was carried out by analysis of four standard reference materials (SRM) with certified iodine concentrations. The results of the collected samples showed that the iodine concentration in fillet of salt water fish was 5 to 10 times higher than those of fresh water fish, with highest value of 920 μg I/kg wet weight for changu. The lowest iodine concentration in fillet was found in barbus from Lake Awasa with only 5–8 μg I/kg wet weight. The iodine concentration in skin was higher than in fillets and the iodine concentration in fillets seemed to increase with fish size. The samples of plant origin were, in general, low in iodine. Highest values were found in red teff from Ethiopia with 64 μg I/kg, while all samples from Mwanza in Tanzania, except spinach, contained iodine below the limit of detection of the method. As an iodine source, fresh water fish do contribute some to the iodine intake and might be of importance, especially since other foods contain small amounts of the element. In addition, the contribution of iodine from the surface water sampled in Ethiopia can be of importance. However, only sea water fish in the diet can be regarded as a really good iodine source.
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Abstract

References (30)

Endemic goitre with adequate iodine intake

Lancet

Determination of iodide in natural water by ion chromatography

Water Res.

Ion chromatography with an ion exchange membrane suppressor

J. Chromatog.

Trace metals in the bones of scaup ducks (Aythya Marila L.) wintering in Gdansk Bay, Baltic Sea, 1982–1983 and 1983–1984

Sci. Total Environ.

A new focus of endemic goitre in the Sudan

Trop. Geogr. Med.

Endemic goitre in the Darfur region (Sudan). Epidemiology and Aetiology

Acta Med, Scand.

Endemic goitre in Zambia

J. Trop. Med. Hyg.

Endemic goitre in Vietnam

J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.

Endemic goitre and iodine difficiency in Yugoslavia

J. Endocrinol. Invest.

A twelve year follow-up of iodine deficiency in Bulape, Zaire

Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop.

A study on the actiology of endemic goitre in lowland Burma

Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.

A preliminary investigation of endemic iodine goitre on the inclined plain in front of the Tianshian Mountains in Kuitun-Usum area

Chin. Med. J.

Endemic goitre in central China caused by excessive iodine-intake

Lancet

Goitre and the water factor relationship

Cations and anions in drinking water as putatuve contributory factors to endemic goitre in Plateau State, Nigeria

Trop. Geogr. Med.

Cited by (15)

Iodine content in groundwater of North Eastern Morocco and its relation with the incidence of goiter

Iodine Content in Fish and Other Food Products from East Africa Analyzed by ICP-MS

An environmental pollution study from multielemental analysis of pedestrian dust in Nagpur City, Central India

Subclinical magnesium deficiency: A principal driver of cardiovascular disease and a public health crisis

Incidence of zinc deficiency among under-five children of kanam local government area, North-central Nigeria

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for iodine