Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Biomarkers of inflammation in heart failure

  • Published:
Heart Failure Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is characterized by the elaboration of a portfolio of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators that are considered to contribute to disease progression by virtue of the deleterious effects that these molecules exert on the heart and circulation. Recent studies have suggested that these inflammatory mediators may serve as relevant markers of disease severity and HF prognosis. Moreover, there is evidence that changes in the levels of inflammatory biomarkers may prove useful in following the change in patient clinical status following institution of appropriate HF therapy. This review will focus on the emerging role of inflammatory biomarkers, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with HF.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Levine B, Kalman J, Mayer L, Fillit HM, Packer M (1990) Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 323:236–241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bozkurt B, Kribbs SB, Clubb FJ Jr et al (1998) Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha promote progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats. Circulation 97:1382–1391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Aukrust P, Ueland T, Muller F et al (1998) Elevated circulating levels of C–C chemokines in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 97:1136–1143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Mann DL (2002) Inflammatory mediators and the failing heart: past, present, and the foreseeable future. Circ Res 91:988–998

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Benedict C, Oral H, Young JB, Mann DL (1996) Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol 27:1201–1206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Lee J et al (1996) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and tumor necrosis factor receptors in the failing human heart. Circulation 93:704–711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kapadia SR, Yakoob K, Nader S, Thomas JD, Mann DL, Griffin BP (2000) Elevated circulating levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with hemodynamically significant pressure and volume overload. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:208–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Nathan C, Sporn M (1991) Cytokines in context. J Cell Biol 113:981–986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Lee J, Bies RD, Lebovitz R, Mann DL (1995) Expression and functional significance of tumor necrosis factor receptors in human myocardium. Circulation 92:1487–1493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Matsumori A, Yamada T, Suzuki H, Matoba Y, Sasayama S (1994) Increased circulating cytokines in patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 72:561–566

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dutka DP, Elborn JS, Delamere F, Shale DJ, Morris GK (1993) Tumour necrosis factor alpha in severe congestive cardiac failure. Br Heart J 70:141–143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Katz SD, Rao R, Berman JW et al (1994) Pathophysiological correlates of increased serum tumor necrosis factor in patients with congestive heart failure. Relation to nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in the forearm circulation. Circulation 90:12–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Aukrust P, Ueland T, Lien E et al (1999) Cytokine network in congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 83:376–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Weinberg EO, Shimpo M, Hurwitz S, Tominaga S, Rouleau JL, Lee RT (2003) Identification of serum soluble ST2 receptor as a novel heart failure biomarker. Circulation 107:721–726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Braunwald E (2008) Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med 358:2148–2159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Januzzi JL Jr, Peacock WF, Maisel AS et al (2007) Measurement of the interleukin family member ST2 in patients with acute dyspnea: results from the PRIDE (Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:607–613

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Anker SD, Egerer KR, Volk HD, Kox WJ, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ (1997) Elevated soluble CD14 receptors and altered cytokines in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 79:1426–1430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Wiedermann CJ, Beimpold H, Herold M, Knapp E, Braunsteiner H (1993) Increased levels of serum neopterin and decreased production of neutrophil superoxide anions in chronic heart failure with elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:1897–1901

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ferrari R, Bachetti T, Confortini R et al (1995) Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors in patients with various degrees of congestive heart failure. Circulation 92:1479–1486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Munger MA, Johnson B, Amber IJ, Callahan KS, Gilbert EM (1996) Circulating concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in mild or moderate heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 77:723–727

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. MacGowan GA, Mann DL, Kormos RL, Feldman AM, Murali S (1997) Circulating interleukin-6 in severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 79:1128–1131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Loppnow H, Werdan K, Werner C (2002) The enhanced plasma levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNF-R1; sTNF-R2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients suffering from chronic heart failure are reversed in patients treated with beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. Auton Autacoid Pharmacol 22:83–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Seta Y, Kanda T, Tanaka T et al (2000) Interleukin-18 in patients with congestive heart failure: induction of atrial natriuretic peptide gene expression. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 108:87–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Tsutamoto T, Hisanaga T, Wada A et al (1998) Interleukin-6 spillover in the peripheral circulation increases with the severity of heart failure, and the high plasma level of interleukin-6 is an important prognostic predictor in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:391–398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Dibbs Z, Thornby J, White BG, Mann DL (1999) Natural variability of circulating levels of cytokines and cytokine receptors in patients with heart failure: implications for clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1935–1942

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rauchhaus M, Doehner W, Francis DP et al (2000) Plasma cytokine parameters and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 102:3060–3067

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Vasan RS, Sullivan LM, Roubenoff R et al (2003) Inflammatory markers and risk of heart failure in elderly subjects without prior myocardial infarction: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 107:1486–1491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Deswal A, Petersen NJ, Feldman AM, White BG, Mann DL (2001) Effects of vesnarinone on peripheral circulating levels of cytokines and cytokine receptors in patients with heart failure: a report from the Vesnarinone Trial. Chest 120:453–459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Saraste A, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Heikkila P, Laine P, Nieminen MS, Pulkki K (2002) Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor levels identify a subgroup of heart failure patients with increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Clin Chim Acta 320:65–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Testa M, Yeh M, Lee P et al (1996) Circulating levels of cytokines and their endogenous modulators in patients with mild to severe congestive heart failure due to coronary artery disease or hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:964–971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Anker SD, Ponikowski PP, Clark AL et al (1999) Cytokines and neurohormones relating to body composition alterations in the wasting syndrome of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 20:683–693

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. McMurray J, Abdullah I, Dargie HJ, Shapiro D (1991) Increased concentrations of tumour necrosis factor in “cachectic” patients with severe chronic heart failure. Br Heart J 66:356–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Niebauer J, Volk HD, Kemp M et al (1999) Endotoxin and immune activation in chronic heart failure: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 353:1838–1842

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Deswal A, Petersen NJ, Feldman AM, Young JB, White BG, Mann DL (2001) Cytokines and cytokine receptors in advanced heart failure: an analysis of the cytokine database from the Vesnarinone trial (VEST). Circulation 103:2055–2059

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Dunlay SM, Weston SA, Redfield MM, Killian JM, Roger VL (2008) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and mortality in heart failure: a community study. Circulation 118:625–631

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Seta Y, Shan K, Bozkurt B, Oral H, Mann DL (1996) Basic mechanisms in heart failure: the cytokine hypothesis. J Card Fail 2:243–249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hansen MS, Stanton EB, Gawad Y et al (2002) Relation of circulating cardiac myosin light chain 1 isoform in stable severe congestive heart failure to survival and treatment with flosequinan. Am J Cardiol 90:969–973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Nowak J, Rozentryt P, Szewczyk M et al (2002) Tumor necrosis factor receptors sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII in advanced chronic heart failure. Pol Arch Med Wewn 107:223–229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Nozaki N, Yamaguchi S, Shirakabe M, Nakamura H, Tomoike H (1997) Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors are elevated in relation to severity of congestive heart failure. Jpn Circ J 61:657–664

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chin BS, Blann AD, Gibbs CR, Chung NA, Conway DG, Lip GY (2003) Prognostic value of interleukin-6, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, tissue factor and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in congestive heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest 33:941–948

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Mohler ERIII, Sorensen LC, Ghali JK et al (1997) Role of cytokines in the mechanism of action of amlodipine: the PRAISE Heart Failure Trial. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:35–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Maeda K, Tsutamoto T, Wada A et al (2000) High levels of plasma brain natriuretic peptide and interleukin-6 after optimized treatment for heart failure are independent risk factors for morbidity and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:1587–1593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kell R, Haunstetter A, Dengler TJ, Zugck C, Kubler W, Haass M (2002) Do cytokines enable risk stratification to be improved in NYHA functional class III patients? Comparison with other potential predictors of prognosis. Eur Heart J 23:70–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ferrari R (2002) Interleukin-6: a neurohumoral predictor of prognosis in patients with heart failure: light and shadow. Eur Heart J 23:9–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wilson Tang WH, Francis GS, Morrow DA et al (2007) National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine practice guidelines: clinical utilization of cardiac biomarker testing in heart failure. Circulation 116:e99–e109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hernandez-Presa M, Bustos C, Ortego M et al (1997) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prevents arterial nuclear factor-kappa B activation, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression, and macrophage infiltration in a rabbit model of early accelerated atherosclerosis. Circulation 95:1532–1541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wei GC, Sirois MG, Qu R, Liu P, Rouleau JL (2002) Subacute and chronic effects of quinapril on cardiac cytokine expression, remodeling, and function after myocardial infarction in the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 39:842–850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gurlek A, Kilickap M, Dincer I, Dandachi R, Tutkak H, Oral D (2001) Effect of losartan on circulating TNFalpha levels and left ventricular systolic performance in patients with heart failure. J Cardiovasc Risk 8:279–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Prabhu SD, Chandrasekar B, Murray DR, Freeman GL (2000) Beta-adrenergic blockade in developing heart failure: effects on myocardial inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and remodeling. Circulation 101:2103–2109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Aronson D, Burger AJ (2001) Effect of beta-blockade on autonomic modulation of heart rate and neurohormonal profile in decompensated heart failure. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 6:98–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. de WI, Jaccard C, Corradin SB et al (1997) Cytokines, nitrite/nitrate, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, and procalcitonin concentrations: comparisons in patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumonia. Crit Care Med 25:607–613

  52. Gage JR, Fonarow G, Hamilton M, Widawski M, Martinez-Maza O, Vredevoe DL (2004) Beta blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy is associated with decreased Th1/Th2 cytokine ratios and inflammatory cytokine production in patients with chronic heart failure. Neuroimmunomodulation 11:173–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Matsumura T, Tsushima K, Ohtaki E et al (2002) Effects of carvedilol on plasma levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in nine patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiol 39:253–257

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ohtsuka T, Hamada M, Hiasa G et al (2001) Effect of beta-blockers on circulating levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:412–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Matsumoto T et al (2001) Relationship between tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and oxidative stress in the failing hearts of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:2086–2092

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Gullestad L, Aukrust P, Ueland T et al (1999) Effect of high- versus low-dose angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on cytokine levels in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:2061–2067

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lemaitre JP, Harris S, Fox KA, Denvir M (2004) Change in circulating cytokines after 2 forms of exercise training in chronic stable heart failure. Am Heart J 147:100–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Adamopoulos S, Parissis J, Karatzas D et al (2002) Physical training modulates proinflammatory cytokines and the soluble Fas/soluble Fas ligand system in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:653–663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Torre-Amione G, Stetson SJ, Youker KA et al (1999) Decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in failing human myocardium after mechanical circulatory support: a potential mechanism for cardiac recovery. Circulation 100:1189–1193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Clark AL, Loebe M, Potapov EV et al (2001) Ventricular assist device in severe heart failure: effects on cytokines, complement and body weight. Eur Heart J 22:2275–2283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Raymond RJ, Dehmer GJ, Theoharides TC, Deliargyris EN (2001) Elevated interleukin-6 levels in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Am Heart J 141:435–438

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer M, Sacks F, Lepage S, Braunwald E (2000) Elevation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and increased risk of recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction. Circulation 101:2149–2153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH (2000) Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 101:1767–1772

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Joynt KE, Gattis WA, Hasselblad V et al (2004) Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, statins, and aspirin on C-reactive protein levels in outpatients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 93:783–785

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Rollins BJ, Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ, Pober JS (1990) Cytokine-activated human endothelial cells synthesize and secrete a monocyte chemoattractant, MCP-1/JE. Am J Pathol 136:1229–1233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Shioi T, Matsumori A, Kihara Y et al (1997) Increased expression of interleukin-1 beta and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the hypertrophied and failing heart with pressure overload. Circ Res 81:664–671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Behr TM, Wang X, Aiyar N et al (2000) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is upregulated in rats with volume-overload congestive heart failure. Circulation 102:1315–1322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kolattukudy PE, Quach T, Bergese S et al (1998) Myocarditis induced by targeted expression of the MCP-1 gene in murine cardiac muscle. Am J Pathol 152:101–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Damas JK, Eiken HG, Oie E et al (2000) Myocardial expression of CC- and CXC-chemokines and their receptors in human end-stage heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 47:778–787

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Black S, Kushner I, Samols D (2004) C-reactive protein. J Biol Chem 279:48487–48490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Pye M, Rae AP, Cobbe SM (1990) Study of serum C-reactive protein concentration in cardiac failure. Br Heart J 63:228–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kaneko K, Kanda T, Yamauchi Y et al (1999) C-reactive protein in dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiology 91:215–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Milo O, Cotter G, Kaluski E et al (2003) Comparison of inflammatory and neurohormonal activation in cardiogenic pulmonary edema secondary to ischemic versus nonischemic causes. Am J Cardiol 92:222–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Alonso-Martinez JL, Llorente-Diez B, Echegaray-Agara M, Olaz-Preciado F, Urbieta-Echezarreta M, Gonzalez-Arencibia C (2002) C-reactive protein as a predictor of improvement and readmission in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 4:331–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Cesari M, Penninx BW, Newman AB et al (2003) Inflammatory markers and onset of cardiovascular events: results from the Health ABC study. Circulation 108:2317–2322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Haber HL, Leavy JA, Kessler PD, Kukin ML, Gottlieb SS, Packer M (1991) The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 324:353–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Parry EH (1961) The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in heart failure. Acta Med Scand 169:79–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mcginnis AE, Lansche WE, Glaser RJ, Loeb LH (1953) Observations on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in congestive heart failure. Am J Med Sci 225:599–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sharma R, Rauchhaus M, Ponikowski PP et al (2000) The relationship of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate to inflammatory cytokines and survival in patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:523–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Bozkurt B, Mann DL (2003) Use of biomarkers in the management of heart failure: are we there yet? Circulation 107:1231–1233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Anand IS, Fisher LD, Chiang YT et al (2003) Changes in brain natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine over time and mortality and morbidity in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Circulation 107:1278–1283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Milani RV, Mehra MR, Endres S et al (1996) The clinical relevance of circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha in acute decompensated chronic heart failure without cachexia. Chest 110:992–995

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Anker SD, Chua TP, Ponikowski P et al (1997) Hormonal changes and catabolic/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia. Circulation 96:526–534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Nishigaki K, Minatoguchi S, Seishima M et al (1997) Plasma Fas ligand, an inducer of apoptosis, and plasma soluble Fas, an inhibitor of apoptosis, in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:1214–1220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Mueller T, Dieplinger B, Gegenhuber A, Poelz W, Pacher R, Haltmayer M (2008) Increased plasma concentrations of soluble ST2 are predictive for 1-year mortality in patients with acute destabilized heart failure. Clin Chem 54:752–756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Stenvinkel P, Andersson P, Wang T et al (1999) Do ACE-inhibitors suppress tumour necrosis factor-alpha production in advanced chronic renal failure? J Intern Med 246:503–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Dr. Bozkurt is a recipient of a Merit Entry Level grant support from Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service (MRS). Dr. Deswal is a recipient of an Advanced Career Development Award (# 612 A) from the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program. This research was financially supported under grants HL58081, HL42250, HL073017, and UO-1HL084890-01 from the National Institutes of Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Cardiology, 3C-306A, Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Biykem Bozkurt, Douglas L. Mann & Anita Deswal

  2. Houston Center for Quality of Care and Utilization Studies, Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Anita Deswal

  3. Winters Center for Heart Failure Research and Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Biykem Bozkurt, Douglas L. Mann & Anita Deswal

Authors
  1. Biykem Bozkurt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Douglas L. Mann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anita Deswal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Biykem Bozkurt.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bozkurt, B., Mann, D.L. & Deswal, A. Biomarkers of inflammation in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 15, 331–341 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-009-9140-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-009-9140-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation