Table 2

Factors associated with identifying the cardiac origin of dyspnoea

Parameter	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Parameter	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Age (per year)	1.03	1.03 to 1.04	0.007	0.98	0.96 to 1.00	0.042
Female sex	1.22	1.05 to 1.41	<0.001	2.33	1.48 to 3.73	<0.001
HF history	6.92	5.39 to 8.97	<0.001	0.83	0.46 to 1.44	0.499
DM	2.52	2.10 to 3.02	<0.001	0.87	0.53 to 1.42	0.562
HTN	2.78	2.35 to 3.29	<0.001	0.85	0.54 to 1.36	0.503
CKD	9.39	6.99 to 12.84	<0.001	2.41	1.31 to 4.60	0.006
AF	12.23	9.67 to 15.63	<0.001	4.64	2.74 to 8.14	<0.001
Log-NT-proBNP (per pg/mL)	3.87	3.41 to 4.41	<0.001	1.08	0.77 to 1.52	0.639
WBC (per 10³/μL)	0.90	0.88 to 0.91	<0.001	0.95	0.91 to 0.99	0.022
CRP (per mg/dL)	0.73	0.71 to 0.75	<0.001	0.80	0.77 to 0.84	<0.001
LVEF (per %)	0.94	0.93 to 0.95	<0.001	0.96	0.95 to 0.98	<0.001
E/e’	1.04	1.02 to 1.06	<0.001	0.98	0.95 to 1.01	0.127
AI-ECG	23.81	19.68 to 28.91	<0.001	3.45	2.26 to 5.30	<0.001

AF, atrial fibrillation; AI, artificial intelligence; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C reactive protein; DM, diabetes mellitus; e’, septal mitral annular velocity; E, early mitral inflow; HF, heart failure; HTN, hypertension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide; WBC, white blood cell.