Characteristics of patients with non-traumatic shock arriving at hospital by ambulance
| Characteristics and clinical profile | Total n=21334 | Survivors n=12185 | Non-survivors n=9149 | P value |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 69.0 (53.0–81.0) | 65.0 (47.0–78.0) | 74.0 (61.0–84.0) | <0.001 |
| Female | 11688 (54.8%) | 6206 (50.9%) | 5482 (59.9%) | <0.001 |
| ARIA | 0.414 | |||
| Major cities of Australia | 15197 (71.8%) | 8669 (71.7%) | 6528 (72.0%) | |
| Inner regional Australia | 4781 (22.6%) | 2764 (22.8%) | 2017 (22.2%) | |
| Outer regional Australia | 1191 (5.6%) | 665 (5.5%) | 526 (5.8%) | |
| Socioeconomic disadvantage (IRSD) | 0.328 | |||
| 1, most disadvantaged | 5280 (28.1%) | 3043 (28.7%) | 2237 (27.4%) | |
| 2 | 4157 (22.1%) | 2335 (22.0%) | 1812 (22.2%) | |
| 3 | 3683 (19.6%) | 2063 (19.4%) | 1620 (19.8%) | |
| 4 | 3241 (17.2%) | 1823 (17.2%) | 1418 (17.3%) | |
| 5, least disadvantaged | 2433 (12.9%) | 1346 (12.7%) | 1087 (13.3%) | |
| Pre-existing comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 6461 (33.4%) | 3408 (30.9%) | 3053 (36.6%) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 3723 (19.2%) | 2053 (18.6%) | 1670 (20.0%) | 0.012 |
| Diabetes | 3606 (18.6%) | 1930 (17.5%) | 1676 (20.1%) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 3623 (18.7%) | 1869 (16.9%) | 1754 (21.1%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac failure | 2311 (11.9%) | 1021 (9.3%) | 1290 (15.5%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1145 (5.9%) | 560 (5.1%) | 585 (7.0%) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 280 (1.4%) | 138 (1.3%) | 142 (1.7%) | 0.009 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1418 (7.3%) | 686 (6.2%) | 732 (8.8%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2040 (10.5%) | 966 (8.8%) | 1074 (12.9%) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital observations and interventions | ||||
| Initial systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 81.6 (26.7) | 82.5 (27.1) | 78.7 (25.1) | <0.001 |
| Initial heart rate, mean (SD), beats/min | 94.9 (35.7) | 95.1 (35.8) | 94.3 (35.4) | 0.20 |
| Epinephrine infusion commenced | 4985 (23.2%) | 3007 (24.7%) | 1978 (21.6%) | |
| Prehospital intubation | 4517 (21.2%) | 1425 (11.7%) | 3092 (33.8%) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital cardiac arrest (yes/no) | 8135 (38.1%) | 2001 (16.4%) | 6134 (67.0%) | <0.001 |
| If arrest, shockable rhythm (VT or VF) | 2037 (25.4%) | 748 (38.3%) | 1289 (21.2%) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital time metrics | ||||
| Time at scene, median (IQR), min | 40.0 (23.0–70.0) | 30.0 (19.0–50.0) | 60.0 (35.0–98.0) | <0.001 |
| Transport time, median (IQR), min | 15.0 (7.0–25.0) | 17.0 (10.0–28.0) | 10.3 (0.0–20.0) | <0.001 |
Socioeconomic disadvantage presented as quintiles according to patient’s residential address in regards to the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (IRSD) scores (as obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data) where a score of 1 represents most and 5 is least disadvantage.
ARIA, Accessibility and Remoteness Index of Australia; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia.