Characteristics and outcome of the study population divided by HFpEF or non-HFpEF in the HFA-PEFF score
| All | HFpEF | Non-HFpEF | P value* | |
| (n=1679) | (n=542) | (n=1137) | ||
| Demographic data | ||||
| Age, years | 71±10 | 76±7 | 68±11 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 1218 (72.5) | 325 (60.0) | 893 (78.5) | <0.001 |
| Height, m | 1.66±0.09 | 1.62±0.09 | 1.67±0.09 | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 65.6±12.4 | 62.5±12.4 | 67.1±12.1 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.8±3.5 | 23.7±3.6 | 23.9±3.5 | 0.128 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.72±0.19 | 1.66±0.19 | 1.75±0.18 | <0.001 |
| CHADS2 score | 1 (1 – 2) | 2 (1 – 2) | 1 (0–2) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 130 (7.7) | 72 (13.3) | 58 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 925 (55.1) | 345 (63.7) | 580 (51.0) | <0.001 |
| Age ≥75 years | 664 (39.5) | 310 (57.2) | 354 (31.1) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 245 (14.6) | 85 (15.7) | 160 (14.1) | 0.382 |
| Prior stroke | 147 (8.8) | 66 (12.2) | 81 (7.1) | 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 142 (8.5) | 53 (9.9) | 89 (7.9) | 0.178 |
| Chronic kidney disease ≥grade 3 | 587 (45.7) | 247 (45.7) | 340 (30.1) | <0.001 |
| Paroxysmal AF | 1085 (64.6) | 343 (63.3) | 742 (65.3) | 0.429 |
| 2D echocardiographic data | ||||
| LV end-diastolic dimension, mm | 45.6±4.5 | 45.6±4.8 | 45.7±4.4 | 0.703 |
| LVEF, % | 62.4±4.0 | 62.5±4.2 | 62.3±3.9 | 0.301 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 82.4±17.0 | 87.8±18.3 | 79.8±15.7 | <0.001 |
| LA diameter, mm | 38.2±6.4 | 40.4±6.0 | 37.2±6.3 | <0.001 |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | 43.2±14.4 | 50.2±13.2 | 40.0±14.6 | <0.001 |
| LA emptying fraction, % | 32.6±14.7 | 29.6±14.6 | 34.0±14.6 | <0.001 |
| E velocity, cm/s | 75.4±20.8 | 80.9±21.4 | 72.8±18.4 | <0.001 |
| Septal e′, cm/s | 7.9±2.3 | 6.8±1.7 | 8.4±2.4 | <0.001 |
| Lateral e′, cm/s | 10.1±3.0 | 8.7±2.2 | 10.7±3.0 | <0.001 |
| Mean E/e′ | 9.0±3.0 | 10.9±3.2 | 8.0±2.4 | <0.001 |
| TRV, m/s (n=1547) | 2.3±0.3 | 2.5±0.3 | 2.3±0.3 | <0.001 |
| Moderate or severe TR | 161 (9.6) | 83 (15.3) | 78 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| BNP, pg/mL (n=826) | 50.0 (23.4–101.5) | 88.8 (53.0–154.7) | 32.6 (16.7–73.0) | <0.001 |
| NT pro-BNP, pg/mL (n=942) | 192.7 (71.3–622.8) | 602.5 (240.8–1035.8) | 100.5 (44.7–347.8) | <0.001 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2.4±0.3 | 61.9±14.7 | 67.4±14.3 | <0.001 |
| HFA-PEFF score | 4 (3–5) | 5 (5–6) | 3 (2–4) | <0.001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| 5-year MACCE | 77 (4.6) | 42 (7.7) | 35 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| 5-year death | 38 (2.3) | 20 (3.7) | 18 (1.6) | 0.007 |
| 5-year hospitalisation for heart failure | 11 (0.7) | 9 (1.7) | 2 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| 5-year hospitalisation for stroke | 34 (2.0) | 18 (3.3) | 16 (1.4) | 0.009 |
| 5-year AF recurrence | 495 (29.5) | 189 (34.9) | 306 (26.9) | 0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean±SD or median (IQR) or number (%).
*P values refer to the difference between HFpEF and non-HFpEF.
AF, atrial fibrillation; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; 2D, two-dimensional; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HFA-PEFF, Heart Failure Association Pretest assessment, echocardiography and natriuretic peptide, functional testing and final aetiology; HFpEF, heart failure preserved left ventricular ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MACCE, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events; NT pro-BNP, N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; TRV, tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity.