Table 2

Adverse events during PFO closure and follow-up with hypothesis testing based on procedure type

microTNE (n=169)TEE (n=167)P value
Patients with adverse events during follow-up, n (%)38 (22.5)42 (25.1)0.61
 Anaesthesia-related complications0 (0.0)2 (1.2)0.25
 Atrial fibrillation during closure2 (1.2)2 (1.2)1.0
 Atrial fibrillation during follow-up7 (4.1)4 (2.4)0.54
 RBBB1 (0.6)0 (0.0)1.0
 First-degree atrioventricular block1 (0.6)0 (0.0)1.0
 Closure device embolisation1 (0.6)0 (0.0)1.0
 Access site complication5 (3.0)12 (7.2)0.09
 Nasal complication10 (5.9)0 (0.0)0.002
 Presyncope or syncope8 (4.7)5 (3.0)0.57
 Chest pain or dyspnoea7 (4.1)9 (5.4)0.62
 Migraine worsening1 (0.6)12 (7.2)0.001
 Stroke0 (0.0)0 (0.0)NA
 Transient ischaemic attack1 (0.6)0 (0.0)1.0
 Deceased0 (0.0)1 (0.6)0.50
  • Variables presented as frequency and percentage.

  • MicroTNE, transnasal echocardiography with microprobe; PFO, patent foramen ovale; RBBB, right bundle branch block; TEE, transoesophageal echocardiography.