Baseline characteristics
| Overall | CCI group 1 | CCI group 2 | CCI group 3 | P value | ||
| Parameters* | Categories | 13 312 | 6519 | 3409 | 3384 | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 72.5 (13.4) | 71.2 (14.1) | 74.1 (12.6) | 73.6 (12.4) | <0.001 | |
| BMI | 28.0 (6.6) | 27.5 (6.3) | 28.0 (6.7) | 29.1 (7.1) | <0.001 | |
| Sex* | Female | 7406 (55.6) | 3908 (59.9) | 1828 (53.6) | 1670 (49.3) | <0.001 |
| Male | 5906 (44.4) | 2611 (40.1) | 1581 (46.4) | 1714 (50.7) | ||
| Race* | White | 11 889 (89.3) | 5791 (88.8) | 3061 (89.8) | 3037 (89.7) | <0.001 |
| African American | 284 (2.1) | 137 (2.1) | 68 (2.0) | 79 (2.3) | ||
| Others | 1139 (8.6) | 591 (9.1) | 280 (8.2) | 268 (7.9) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 7648 (57.5) | 2920 (44.8) | 2138 (62.7) | 2590 (76.5) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetes* | 3924 (29.5) | 934 (14.3) | 1179 (34.6) | 1811 (53.5) | <0.001 | |
| Chronic kidney disease* | 1906 (14.3) | 83 (1.3) | 503 (14.8) | 1320 (39.0) | <0.001 | |
| Heart failure* | 6778 (50.9) | 2109 (32.4) | 2164 (63.5) | 2505 (74.0) | <0.001 | |
| Lung disease* | 3210 (24.1) | 1021 (15.7) | 974 (28.6) | 1215 (35.9) | <0.001 | |
| Prior cardiac surgery* | 675 (5.1) | 242 (3.7) | 171 (5.0) | 262 (7.7) | <0.001 | |
| Atrial fibrillation* | 5359 (40.3) | 2547 (39.1) | 1433 (42.0) | 1379 (40.8) | 0.013 | |
| Peripheral arterial disease* | 4278 (32.1) | 1164 (17.9) | 1306 (38.3) | 1808 (53.4) | <0.001 | |
| Use of diuretics* | 7118 (53.5) | 2587 (39.7) | 2072 (60.8) | 2459 (72.7) | <0.001 | |
| Pulmonary hypertension* | 6460 (48.5) | 2677 (41.1) | 1821 (53.4) | 1962 (58.0) | <0.001 | |
| Outcome (death) * | 7773 (58.4) | 3016 (46.3) | 2204 (64.7) | 2553 (75.4) | <0.001 | |
| Vitals | ||||||
| Heart rate | 75.4 (18.0) | 74.1 (17.4) | 76.4 (19.3) | 77.2 (17.8) | <0.001 | |
| Systolic blood pressure | 121.0 (20.7) | 121.7 (20.2) | 120.6 (21.0) | 120.1 (21.3) | 0.001 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 68.1 (12.7) | 69.5 (12.0) | 67.5 (12.9) | 66.1 (13.6) | <0.001 | |
| Lab parameters | ||||||
| AST | 74.7 (639.3) | 58.0 (559.1) | 72.1 (661.1) | 109.6 (750.8) | 0.001 | |
| Sodium | 139.5 (4.1) | 140.0 (3.7) | 139.2 (4.3) | 138.7 (4.6) | <0.001 | |
| Creatinine | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.3) | <0.001 | |
| Echo parameters | ||||||
| RV size* | Normal | 8892 (66.8) | 4703 (72.1) | 2181 (64.0) | 2008 (59.3) | <0.001 |
| ≥ Mildly enlarged | 4150 (31.2) | 1712 (26.3) | 1136 (33.3) | 1302 (38.5) | ||
| Indeterminate | 270 (2.0) | 104 (1.6) | 92 (2.7) | 74 (2.2) | ||
| RV function* | Normal | 9694 (72.8) | 5120 (78.5) | 2352 (69.0) | 2222 (65.7) | <0.001 |
| ≥ Mildly reduced | 3056 (23.0) | 1168 (17.9) | 884 (25.9) | 1004 (29.7) | ||
| Indeterminate | 562 (4.2) | 231 (3.5) | 173 (5.1) | 158 (4.7) | ||
| TR severity* | Moderate | 7409 (55.7) | 3886 (59.6) | 1791 (52.5) | 1732 (51.2) | <0.001 |
| Moderate–severe | 2646 (19.9) | 1261 (19.3) | 691 (20.3) | 694 (20.5) | ||
| Severe | 3257 (24.5) | 1372 (21.0) | 927 (27.2) | 958 (28.3) | ||
| Left sided valvular disease* | 4291 (32.2) | 1925 (29.5) | 1197 (35.1) | 1169 (34.5) | <0.001 | |
| LVEDD-2D | 49.3 (8.8) | 48.4 (8.2) | 49.8 (9.4) | 50.5 (9.2) | 0.219 | |
| Mitral E to e’ Ratio by PWD, | 18.6 (38.5) | 17.7 (53.9) | 19.2 (10.8) | 19.8 (10.8) | 0.019 | |
| LVEF | 53.3 (16.1) | 55.8 (14.5) | 51.8 (16.7) | 49.9 (17.4) | <0.001 | |
| Left ventricular mass index | 106.4 (37.3) | 102.4 (36.2) | 109.5 (37.6) | 110.7 (38.3) | <0.001 | |
| RVSP | 52.7 (17.6) | 50.4 (18.1) | 54.2 (17.1) | 55.5 (16.5) | <0.001 | |
| IVC size* | Normal | 4307 (32.4) | 2619 (40.2) | 922 (27.0) | 766 (22.6) | <0.001 |
| Enlarged | 9005 (67.6) | 3900 (59.8) | 2487 (73.0) | 2618 (77.4) | ||
| Systolic volume index | 40.1 (12.0) | 41.1 (11.9) | 39.5 (12.1) | 38.9 (12.0) | <0.001 | |
Data expressed as mean (SD) unless marked * which is expressed as n (%).
AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; IVC, inferior vena cava; LVEDD, left ventricle end diastolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; RV, right ventricle; RVSP, right ventricle systolic pressure; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.