Table 2

Incidence of bradycardia requiring PPM implantation and AF needing anticoagulation

ReferencesArrhythmia monitoring methodDefinition of AFMedian follow-up (years, IQR)Bradycardia needing PPMAF needing anticoagulation
No. at end of follow-up duration (n, %)Rate (n/year)No. at end of follow-up duration (n, %)Rate (n/year)
O’Mahony et al10ECGAny duration4.8 (0.07–18)12 (5.9)1.46*6 (2.9)1.25
Shah et al19ECG/HolterAny duration1.9 (0.3–10)6 (7.8)3.1615 (19.2)2.11*
Patel et al14ECGAny duration7.1 (4.0–9.1)13 (6.3)1.13*13 (6.3)1.27*
Weidemann et al21ILREpisode >3 min1.2 (0.3–2.0)5 (31.25)4.175 (31.25)4.17
Talbot et al20ECGN/A104 (16)0.1*N/AN/A
Acharya et al13ECG/Holter/cardiac device (retrospective)No definition4.42 (10.5)0.452 (10.5)0.45
Hopkin et al23Holter/ECGN/AMales:
4.3 (0–11.1)
Females:
3.2 (0–10)
N/AN/AN/AN/A
Sené et al18ECGN/A8 (2–11)8 (16.3)1N/AN/A
Di et al16HolterEpisode >30 sN/A6 (11.3)N/A11 (20.8)N/A
Pichette et al17HolterClinically significant episode >30 s4.2 (2.5–6.3)*N/AN/A5 (11.6)0.24*
Vijapurapu et al22Cardiac deviceEpisode>30 s4.3 (2.2–7.7)N/AN/A17 (18.9)3.95
Estimate of event rates (%)*N/AN/AN/A12.2 (7.2–19.7)10.0 (6.6–14.8)
  • *Percentage estimate of event rate with 95% CIs, calculated using generalised linear mixed models with logit transformation.

  • AF, atrial fibrillation; ILR, implantable loop recorder; PPM, permanent pacemaker.