Patient-reported outcome measures of health status, illness perception, anxiety and depression and physical function by healthcare worker status
| Enrolment | All COVID-19 n=163 | Healthcare worker | P value | |
| Yes n=36 | No n=127 | |||
| Visit 2 (28–60 days post-discharge from hospital) | n=167 | n=36 | n=131 | |
| Health status, mean (SD) | ||||
| Health-related quality of life EQ-5D-5L score at enrollment | 0.74 (0.21) | 0.75 (0.18) | 0.73 (0.22) | 0.758 |
| Health-related quality of life EQ-5D-5L score 28–60 days post-discharge | 0.77 (0.23) | 0.81 (0.16) | 0.75 (0.25) | 0.171 |
| Patient assessed EQ-5D-5L score at enrolment, EQ-5D-5L score | 61.3 (21.7) | 59.9 (20.4) | 61.7 (22.1) | 0.656 |
| Patient assessed EQ-5D-5L score at 28–60 days post-discharge, | 72.9 (19.5) | 74.9 (17.5) | 72.3 (20.1) | 0.478 |
| Illness perception, mean (SD) | ||||
| Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire score at enrollment | 42.2 (12.6) | 40.2 (11.8) | 42.8 (12.8) | 0.270 |
| Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire score 28–60 days post-discharge | 36.4 (14.8) | 34.7 (13.9) | 36.8 (15.1) | 0.442 |
| Anxiety and depression, mean (SD) | ||||
| PHQ-4 anxiety score at enrollment | 2.12 (2.12) | 1.97 (2.01) | 2.17 (2.16) | 0.634 |
| PHQ-4 anxiety score at 28–60 days post-discharge | 1.80 (2.02) | 1.19 (1.65) | 1.97 (2.09) | 0.042 |
| PHQ-4 depression score at enrollment | 2.16 (1.92) | 1.71 (1.74) | 2.28 (1.95) | 0.120 |
| PHQ-4 depression score at 28–60 days post-discharge | 1.81 (1.93) | 1.28 (1.61) | 1.96 (1.99) | 0.060 |
| PHQ-4 total score at enrollment | 4.28 (3.76) | 3.69 (3.47) | 4.45 (3.83) | 0.289 |
| PHQ-4 total score at 28–60 days post-discharge | 3.61 (3.73) | 2.47 (3.03) | 3.93 (3.86) | 0.038 |
| Physical function | ||||
| IPAQ category at enrollment, n (%) | ||||
| High | 11 (7%) | 4 (12%) | 7 (6%) | 0.372 |
| Moderate | 17 (11%) | 4 (12%) | 13 (11%) | |
| Low | 121 (81%) | 24 (75%) | 97 (83%) | |
| IPAQ category at 28–60 days post-discharge, n (%) | ||||
| High | 24 (17%) | 4 (14%) | 20 (18%) | 0.846 |
| Moderate | 43 (31%) | 10 (36%) | 33 (30%) | |
| Low | 72 (52%) | 14 (50%) | 58 (52%) | |
| Duke Activity Status Index at enrolment | 19.0 (17.8) | 18.9 (19.3) | 19.0 (17.4) | 0.985 |
| Duke Activity Status Index at 28–60 days post-discharge | 23.9 (17.5) | 25.0 (15.7) | 23.6 (18.1) | 0.669 |
| Predicted maximal O2 utilisation (mL/kg/min) at enrollment | 17.8 (7.6) | 17.7 (8.3) | 17.8 (7.5) | 0.985 |
| Predicted maximal O2 utilisation (mL/kg/min) at 28–60 days postdischarge | 19.9 (7.5) | 20.4 (6.7) | 19.8 (7.8) | 0.669 |
Categorical data are summarised as frequency and percentage and compared between groups using Fisher’s Exact tests. Continuous data are summarised as mean and SD and compared between groups using Kruskal-Wallis tests. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol Research Foundation EQ-5D five level instrument; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; PHQ-4, Patient Health Questionnaire-4.