Cardiac morphology and function in male and female adolescent athletes at baseline, first and second follow-up
| Baseline 12 years old | First follow-up 15 years old | Second follow-up 18 years old | ||||
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
| (n=48) | (n=28) | (n=34) | (n=14) | (n=23) | (n=11) | |
| LA volume/BSA, mL/m² | 28.4±6.4 | 25.2±4.8 | 32.5±7.3 | 29.4±6.7 | 39.6±8.4 | 29.1±4.2* |
| IVSd, mm | 7.8±0.9 | 7.9±0.8 | 8.3±1.0 | 7.3±1.0* | 9.5±1.3 | 8.0±1.1* |
| LVPWd, mm | 7.2±1.0 | 7.2±0.7 | 8.1±1.1 | 7.1±1.2* | 9.4±1.3 | 7.8±0.6* |
| LVIDd, mm | 42±0.3 | 40±0.3 | 51±0.4 | 47±0.3* | 55±0.5 | 48±0.5* |
| LVIDd/BSA, mm/m² | 2.1±0.3 | 1.9±0.3 | 3.0±0.2 | 2.9±0.2 | 2.8±0.2 | 2.7±0.2 |
| LV EDV, mL | 106±14 | 103±15 | 147±29 | 118±13* | 166±26 | 124±17* |
| LV EDV/BSA, mL/m² | 81±7 | 76±7* | 86±12 | 72±6* | 85±9 | 70±6* |
| LV ESV, mL | 45±7 | 43±7 | 63±13 | 51±7* | 64±16 | 50±8* |
| LV ESV/BSA, mL/m² | 34±4 | 32±4* | 37±7 | 31±4* | 32±6 | 29±3 |
| LVM, g | 92±18 | 87±13 | 147±36 | 106±24* | 204±50 | 126±25* |
| LVM/BSA, g/m² | 70±13 | 65±9 | 85±16 | 65±14* | 103±22 | 72±13* |
| RV EDA, cm² | 17.2±2.8 | 16.8±2.7 | 23.5±4.5 | 18.8±3.1* | 26.8±4.4 | 20.3±2.5* |
| RV EDA/BSA, cm²/m² | 15.3±3.1 | 13.6±2.2* | 13.7±2.3 | 11.5±1.7* | 13.6±2.1 | 11.6±1.1* |
| RV ESA, cm² | 10.7±2.0 | 9.9±1.6 | 14.3±2.9 | 11.5±10.3* | 15.3±2.5 | 11.7±2.0* |
| RV ESA/BSA, cm²/m² | 8.9±1.9 | 7.8±1.4* | 8.3±1.5 | 7.0±1.1* | 7.8±1.1 | 6.6±1.0* |
| RWT | 0.35±0.05 | 0.36±0.05 | 0.32±0.04 | 0.31±0.05 | 0.34±0.06 | 0.33±0.03 |
| Z-scores | ||||||
| IVSd, Z-score | 1.4±1.0 | 1.4±0.8 | 1.0±0.8 | 0.2±0.8* | 1.7±1.0 | 0.7±1.1* |
| LVPWd, Z-score | 0.8±0.9 | 0.9±0.7 | 1.0±0.8 | 0.2±1.1* | 1.7±1.1 | 0.6±0.6* |
| LVIDd, Z-score | −0.4±0.9 | −0.9±0.8 | 0.4±0.8 | −0.4±0.7* | 0.7±0.9 | −0.4±0.9* |
| LV EDV, Z-score | 1.2±0.5 | 0.7±0.7* | 1.1±0.8 | 0.1±0.5* | 0.7±0.6 | −0.1±0.5* |
| LVM, Z-score | 1.5±1.4 | 0.9±1.1 | 2.6±1.5 | 0.6±1.3* | 3.9±1.9 | 1.2±1.5* |
| LV systolic function | ||||||
| LV EF, % | 58±3 | 58±4 | 57±3 | 57±2 | 62±5 | 60±3 |
| LV GLS, % | 22.9±2.1 | 21.8±1.5* | 22.4±1.9 | 21.7±2.4 | 20.7±1.6 | 20.6±1.3 |
| LV diastolic function | ||||||
| Mitral E velocity, cm/s | 0.95±0.12 | 0.96±0.11 | 0.98±0.17 | 1.00±0.12 | 0.86±0.14 | 0.86±0.10 |
| Mitral A velocity, cm/s | 0.46±0.12 | 0.47±0.10 | 0.44±0.10 | 0.43±0.07 | 0.41±0.08 | 0.43±0.11 |
| Mitral E/A ratio | 2.2±0.5 | 2.1±0.4 | 2.3±0.6 | 2.4±0.7 | 2.1±0.5 | 2.1±0.7 |
| E/e′ ratio | 7.0±1.3 | 7.0±1.1 | 7.1±1.5 | 7.1±1.5 | 6.0±0.9 | 6.2±0.9 |
Observed values are expressed as mean±SD. P values at baseline are calculated using the Student’s t-test. P values for follow-ups are calculated by linear mixed model regression analysis. Z-scores are calculated by parameterz.com calculator, and values are number of standard deviations above estimated mean for the given BSA, -2-2 is normal range.
*Significant difference between male and female group, p≤0.01.
BSA, body surface area; EDA, end-diastolic area; EDV, end-diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; ESA, end-systolic area; ESV, end-systolic volume; GLS, global longitudinal strain; IVSd, interventricular septum thickness in end-diastole; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter in end-diastole; LVM, left ventricular mass; LVPWd, left ventricular posterior wall thickness in end-diastole; RV, right ventricular; RWT, relative wall thickness.