Demographic and clinical characteristics in accordance with cluster assignment
| Cluster 1 (n=164) | Cluster 2 (n=66) | Cluster 3 (n=45) | Cluster 4 (n=91) | P value | |
| Age, mean±SD (95% CI), years | 79.6±5.96 (78.7 to 80.5) (4) | 78.1±6.91 (76.4 to 79.8) (4) | 79.8±8.73 (77.2 to 82.5) | 81.3±6.73 (79.8 to 82.7) (1,2) | 0.0068 |
| Women, n (%) | 72 (43.9%) | 28 (42.2%) | 19 (42.2%) | 27 (29.7%) | 0.1483 |
| BMI, mean±SD (95% CI), kg/m2 | 26.3±4.39 (25.6 to 27.0) | 27.6±3.96 (26.6 to 28.6) | 26.7±4.43 (25.4 to 28.0) | 27.1±4.83 (26.1 to 28.1) | 0.1539 |
| Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 141 (86.0%) | 62 (93.9%) | 45 (100%) | 86 (94.5%) | 0.0095 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 41 (25.0%) | 16 (24.2%) | 11 (24.4%) | 33 (36.3%) | 0.2127 |
| NYHA functional class, mean±SD (95% CI) | 2.48±0.713 (2.37 to 2.59) (3,4) | 2.52±0.662 (2.35 to 2.68) (3,4) | 3.02±0.723 (2.81 to 3.24) (1,2) | 2.87±0.778 (2.71 to 3.03) (1,2) | 5.4×10–7 |
| NYHA functional class III | 79 (48.2%) | 34 (51.5%) | 25 (55.6%) | 55 (60.4%) | 0.2932 |
| NYHA functional class IV | 7 (4.27%) (3,4) | 2 (3.03%) (3,4) | 11 (24.4%) (1,2) | 15 (16.5%) (1,2) | 2.0×10–5 |
| EuroSCORE, mean±SD (95% CI), % | 13.7±10.1 (12.2 to 15.3) (3,4) | 13.9±11.2 (11.2 to 16.7) (3,4) | 29.1±20.9 (22.8 to 35.4) (1,2) | 22.6±14.6 (19.6 to 25.6) (1,2) | 8.6×10–10 |
| eGFR, mean±SD (95% CI), mL/min | 63.0±20.5 (59.8 to 66.2) (3,4) | 64.6±21.6 (59.3 to 69.9) (3) | 52.8±21.1 (46.4 to 59.1) (1,2) | 56.0±19.9 (51.9 to 60.2) (1) | 0.0046 |
| CAD, n (%) | 137 (83.5%) | 58 (87.9%) | 36 (80.0%) | 80 (87.9%) | 0.5635 |
| COPD, n (%) | 14 (8.54%) (3) | 10 (15.2%) | 11 (24.4%) (1) | 14 (15.4%) | 0.0376 |
| Atrial fibrillation and/or flutter, n (%) | 33 (20.1%) (2,3,4) | 25 (37.9%) (1,3,4) | 34 (75.6%) (1,2) | 69 (75.8%) (1,2) | <2.2×10-16 |
χ2 or Fisher’s exact test were used to evaluate the association between categorical variables, and Kruskal-Wallis test in combination with pairwise Wilcoxon test with correction for multiple testing (Benjamini-Hochberg method) was used for comparison of continuous variables, as appropriate. Numbers in parentheses indicate between which clusters significant differences (p value ≤0.05) were detected.
BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NYHA, New York Heart Association.