Comparison of preprocedural echocardiographic and haemodynamic characteristics in accordance with cluster assignment
| Cluster 1 (n=164) | Cluster 2 (n=66) | Cluster 3 (n=45) | Cluster 4 (n=91) | P value | |
| AVA, mean±SD (95% CI), cm2 | 0.788±0.194 (0.758 to 0.818) | 0.776±0.226 (0.721 to 0.832) | 0.742±0.235 (0.671 to 0.812) | 0.785±0.204 (0.742 to 0.827) | 0.6768 |
| AVGmean, mean±SD (95% CI), mm Hg | 41.4±12.9 (39.4 to 43.4) (2,3,4) | 50.3±18.0 (45.9 to 54.8) (1,3,4) | 33.5±13.7 (29.4 to 37.6) (1,2) | 31.7±14.6 (28.6 to 34.8) (1,2) | 6.5×10–13 |
| Cardiac output, mean±SD (95% CI), L/min | 5.12±0.879 (4.98 to 5.26) (2,3,4) | 5.79±1.55 (5.41 to 6.18) (1,3,4) | 3.82±0.865 (3.56 to 4.08) (1,2,4) | 4.47±1.12 (4.24 to 4.71) (1,2,3) | <2.2×10-16 |
| LVEF, mean±SD (95% CI), % | 57.2±6.36 (56.3 to 58.2) (2,3,4) | 55.9±6.47 (54.3 to 57.5) (1,3,4) | 42.4±15.7 (37.6 to 47.1) (1,2) | 47.3±12.2 (44.7 to 49.9) (1,2) | 4.2×10–16 |
| LVEDD, mean±SD (95% CI), mm | 43.9±7.19 (42.7 to 45.1) (2,3,4) | 46.8±5.66 (45.3 to 48.2) (1,3,4) | 52.7±10.3 (49.5 to 55.9) (1,2) | 49.5±9.24 (47.5 to 51.5) (1,2) | 6.8×10–9 |
| mPCWP, mean±SD (95% CI), mm Hg | 12.7±5.31 (11.9 to 13.6) (2,3,4) | 22.2±6.24 (20.6 to 23.7) (1,3,4) | 28.5±6.55 (26.5 to 30.5) (1,2,4) | 17.1±8.59 (15.3 to 18.9) (1,2,3) | < 2.2×10-16 |
| mPAP, mean±SD (95% CI), mm Hg | 21.2±6.54 (20.2 to 22.2) (2,3,4) | 34.2±7.76 (32.2 to 36.1) (1,3,4) | 46.9±8.54 (44.3 to 49.5) (1,2,4) | 27.5±9.15 (25.6 to 29.4) (1,2,3) | < 2.2×10-16 |
| sPAP (echocardiography), mean±SD (95% CI), mmHg | 38.9±11.9 (36.7 to 41.1) (2,3,4) | 47.0±14.3 (42.9 to 51.1) (1,3) | 63.4±14.2 (58.9 to 68.0) (1,2,4) | 51.8±14.6 (48.4 to 55.2) (1,3) | <2.2×10-16 |
| PVR, mean±SD (95% CI), WU | 1.68±0.840 (1.55 to 1.81) (2,3,4) | 2.26±1.16 (1.97 to 2.54) (1,3) | 4.96±1.95 (4.38 to 5.55) (1,2,4) | 2.43±1.12 (2.19 to 2.66) (1,3) | <2.2×10-16 |
| TAPSE, mean±SD (95% CI), mm | 21.5±4.72 (20.7 to 22.2) (3,4) | 21.3±3.52 (20.4 to 22.2) (3,4) | 16.1±4.57 (14.7 to 17.5) (1,2) | 16.8±4.46 (15.9 to 17.8) (1,2) | <2.2×10-16 |
| Right midventricular diameter, mean±SD (95% CI), mm | 28.0±5.09 (27.1 to 28.8) (2,3,4) | 26.0±6.35 (24.3 to 27.7) (1,3,4) | 34.1±6.28 (32.1 to 36.1) (1,2,4) | 32.1±7.05 (30.6 to 33.6) (1,2,3) | 7.8×10–11 |
| LA area, mean±SD (95% CI), cm2 | 21.5±5.22 (20.6 to 22.3) (2,3,4) | 26.3±6.15 (24.6 to 27.9) (1,3,4) | 30.4±6.90 (28.2 to 32.5) (1,2) | 32.9±9.04 (31.0 to 34.9) (1,2) | <2.2×10-16 |
| RA area, mean±SD (95% CI), cm2 | 15.8±3.83 (15.2 to 16.4) (2,3,4) | 19.6±4.55 (18.4 to 20.8) (1,3,4) | 27.8±8.07 (25.2 to 30.3) (1,2) | 26.1±7.21 (24.6 to 27.7) (1,2) | <2.2×10-16 |
| ‘Classical’ low-flow, low-gradient AS | 10 (6.10%) (3,4) | 3 (4.55%) (3,4) | 21 (46.7%) (1,2) | 26 (28.6%) (1,2) | 6.1×10–13 |
| LV dysfunction (LVEF<50%) | 19 (11.6%) (3,4) | 10 (15.2%) (3,4) | 28 (62.2%) (1,2) | 43 (47.3%) (1,2) | 1.8×10–15 |
| PH (mPAP≥25 mm Hg) | 39 (23.8%) (2,3,4) | 59 (89.4%) (1,3,4) | 45 (100%) (1,2,4) | 55 (60.4%) (1,2,3) | <2.2×10-16 |
| RV dysfunction (TAPSE≤16 mm) | 15 (9.15%) (3,4) | 5 (7.58%) (3,4) | 22 (48.9%) (1,2) | 45 (49.5%) (1,2) | <2.2×10-16 |
| TAPSE/sPAP ratio, mm/mm Hg | 0.591±0.217 (0.550 to 0.631) (2,3,4) | 0.514±0.273 (0.433 to 0.595) (1,3,4) | 0.263±0.097 (0.231 to 0.295) (1,2,4) | 0.346±0.131 (0.315 to 0.377) (1,2,3) | <2.2×10-16 |
| MR≥III/IV°°, n (%) | 8 (4.88%) (3,4) | 1 (1.52%) (3,4) | 14 (31.1%) (1,2,4) | 11 (12.1%) (1,2,3) | 1.4×10–6 |
| TR≥III/IV°°, n (%) | 4 (2.44%) (3,4) | 2 (3.03%) (3,4) | 14 (31.1%) (1,2,4) | 13 (14.3%) (1,2,4) | 4.0×10–8 |
Kruskal-Wallis test in combination with pairwise Wilcoxon test with correction for multiple testing (Benjamini-Hochberg method) was used for comparisons among clusters. Numbers in parentheses indicate between which clusters significant differences (p value ≤0.05) were detected.
AVA, aortic valve area; AVGmean, mean aortic valve gradient; LV dysfunction, left ventricular dysfunction; RV dysfunction, right ventricular dysfunction; LA area, left atrial area; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; mPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; mPCWP, mean postcapillary wedge pressure; MR, mitral regurgitation; PH, pulmonary hypertension; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RA area, right atrial area; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.