Overall (n=6704) | Non-AF (n=5943) | AF (n=761) | |||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | P value | |
Age—mean±SD | 66.2 | 11.7 | 65.2 | 11.6 | 74.2 | 9.8 | <0.0001 |
Sex (male)—no (%) | 5009 | 74.7 | 4434 | 74.6 | 575 | 75.6 | 0.57 |
Hypertension—no (%) | 4148 | 61.9 | 3597 | 60.5 | 551 | 72.4 | <0.0001 |
Dyslipidaemia—no (%) | 3987 | 59.5 | 3493 | 58.8 | 494 | 64.9 | 0.001 |
Diabetes—no (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||
Type I | 51 | 0.8 | 49 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.3 | |
Type II | 1852 | 27.6 | 1583 | 26.6 | 269 | 35.3 | |
Smoking—no (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||
Never | 4005 | 59.7 | 3498 | 58.9 | 507 | 66.6 | |
Remote (quit >1 month ago) | 1505 | 22.4 | 1325 | 22.3 | 180 | 23.7 | |
Active | 1193 | 17.8 | 1119 | 18.8 | 74 | 9.7 | |
Family history of CAD—no (%) | 875 | 13.1 | 804 | 13.5 | 71 | 9.3 | 0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation—no (%) | |||||||
Valvular AF | 134 | 2.0 | – | – | 134 | 17.6 | |
Non-valvular AF | 627 | 9.4 | – | – | 627 | 82.4 | |
Rate control | |||||||
Beta-blocker | 414 | 6.2 | – | – | 414 | 54.4 | |
Calcium channel blocker | 115 | 1.7 | – | – | 115 | 15.1 | |
Digoxin | 52 | 0.8 | – | – | 52 | 6.8 | |
Rhythm control | |||||||
Amiodarone | – | – | 59 | 10.1 | |||
Flecainide | – | – | 1 | 0.2 | |||
TTE | (n=2541) | (n=1993) | (n=548) | ||||
LVEF—no (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||
Normal | 1562 | 61.5 | 1377 | 69.1 | 185 | 33.8 | |
>45% | 442 | 17.4 | 260 | 13.1 | 182 | 33.2 | |
30%–45% | 385 | 15.2 | 262 | 13.2 | 123 | 22.5 | |
<30% | 152 | 6.0 | 94 | 4.7 | 58 | 10.6 | |
LA size (cm)—mean±SD | – | – | – | – | 2.3 | 5.0 | |
LA volume (mL)—mean±SD | – | – | – | – | 44.1 | 49.2 | |
Mitral regurgitation—no (%) | 271 | 10.7 | 55 | 2.8 | 216 | 39.4 | <0.0001 |
CHADS2 (>1)—no (%) | 4916 | 73.3 | 4237 | 71.3 | 679 | 89.2 | <0.0001 |
CHA2DS2-VASc (>2)—no (%) | 4509 | 67.3 | 3848 | 64.7 | 661 | 86.9 | <0.0001 |
Oral anticoagulation | |||||||
Rivaroxaban | 167 | 2.5 | 10 | 0.2 | 157 | 20.6 | |
Apixaban | 213 | 3.2 | 11 | 0.2 | 202 | 26.5 | |
Dabigatran | 40 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 40 | 5.3 | |
Warfarin | 106 | 1.6 | 29 | 0.5 | 77 | 10.1 | |
Chronic alcohol use (>8 drinks/day) | 52 | 0.8 | 38 | 0.6 | 14 | 1.8 | 0.09 |
Indications for angiography—no (%) | |||||||
Acute coronary syndrome | 3645 | 54.4 | 3239 | 54.5 | 406 | 53.4 | 0.55 |
Staged PCI | 1042 | 15.5 | 932 | 15.7 | 110 | 14.5 | 0.38 |
Stable CAD | 1832 | 27.3 | 1648 | 27.7 | 184 | 24.2 | 0.04 |
Cardiogenic shock | 100 | 1.5 | 79 | 1.3 | 21 | 2.8 | 0.002 |
Cardiac arrest | 119 | 1.8 | 101 | 1.7 | 18 | 2.4 | 0.19 |
A history—no (%) | |||||||
CAD | 2402 | 35.8 | 2044 | 34.4 | 358 | 47.0 | |
PCI | 2197 | 32.8 | 1915 | 32.2 | 282 | 37.1 | 0.01 |
MI | 1763 | 26.3 | 1528 | 25.7 | 235 | 30.9 | 0.003 |
CABG | 610 | 9.1 | 471 | 7.9 | 139 | 18.3 | <0.0001 |
PAD | 344 | 5.1 | 280 | 4.7 | 64 | 8.4 | <0.0001 |
CVA | 310 | 4.6 | 225 | 3.8 | 85 | 11.2 | <0.0001 |
Bleed | 84 | 1.3 | 62 | 1.0 | 22 | 2.9 | <0.0001 |
CHF | 255 | 3.8 | 166 | 2.8 | 89 | 11.7 | <0.0001 |
Medications—no (%) | |||||||
ASA | 6144 | 91.6 | 5469 | 92.0 | 675 | 88.7 | 0.002 |
P2Y12 | 6144 | 91.6 | 5473 | 92.1 | 671 | 88.2 | 0.0002 |
ACEi/ARB | 3164 | 47.2 | 2768 | 46.6 | 396 | 52.0 | 0.005 |
Beta blocker | 3478 | 51.9 | 3025 | 50.9 | 453 | 59.5 | <0.0001 |
Calcium channel blocker | 693 | 10.3 | 582 | 9.8 | 111 | 14.6 | <0.0001 |
Statin | 5001 | 74.6 | 4418 | 74.3 | 583 | 76.6 | 0.18 |
PPI | 960 | 14.3 | 772 | 13.0 | 188 | 24.7 | <0.0001 |
NSAID | 48 | 0.7 | 42 | 0.7 | 6 | 0.8 | 0.80 |
ACEi/ARB, ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker; AF, atrial fibrillation; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram.