Differences in echocardiographic findings and cytokine levels in biological and mechanical valves and the control group
| Variables Median (max–min) | Biological prosthesis INCN | Imported biological prosthesis | Mechanical prosthesis | Control group | P value |
| n=39 | n=14 | n=27 | n=80 | ||
| Echocardiographic findings | |||||
| LVEF (%) | 60(24-67) | 59.9 (49–68) | 60(30-68) | 60(54-69) | 0.68 |
| LV mass (gr/m2/BSA) | 87.3±23.8* | 89±29.8* | 95.9±23.8* | 60.1±9.8* | 0.001 |
| Peak velocity (m/s) | 2.4 (1.1–3.7) | 2.45 (1–4.1) | 2.5 (2–4.2) | 1 (0.7–2.6) | 0.001 |
| Mean gradient (mm Hg) | 15(11-23) | 19.5 (12–22) | 16 (11.9–25) | 2 (1.6–4.4) | 0.001 |
| EOA (cm2) | 1.6 (0.4–2.2) | 1.6 (0.75–1.9) | 1.6 (0.53–2.6) | 3.2 (2.5–3.9) | 0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 18 (12–24) | 17 (13–20) | 19 (14–22) | 21 (19–26) | 0.001 |
| PSAP (mm Hg) | 34 (21-67) | 31.4 (23–40) | 31 (18-52) | 26 (15-40) | 0.001 |
| Cytokine levels | |||||
| Endothelin 1 (pg/mL) | 0.35 (0.08–11.4) | 1.3 (0.08–13.6) | 0.60 (0.08–3.7) | 0.60 (0.8–2.3) | 0.42 |
| IL-1ß (pg/cm3) | 3 (3–649.9) | 3 (3–3) | 3 (3–1282.8) | 15(15-190) | 0.001 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | 30(30-30) | 30(30-30) | 30 (30–258.4) | 15 (15–141.5) | 0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 10(10–10) | 10(10–10) | 10 (10–56.5) | 10 (10–195.8) | 0.10 |
| RANK (pg/mL) | 50 (50–1288.9) | 50(50–50) | 50 (50–1990.6) | 50 (50–409.4) | 0.35 |
| RANK-L (pg/mL) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50-50) | 50 (50-50) | 50 (50–1176) | 0.16 |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 15 (15–388.7) | 15 (11.3–19.3) | 15 (15–527.1) | 15 (15–812.6) | 0.54 |
| Osteopontin (pg/mL) | 3246.5 ± 1369.8* | 4238.5 ± 1249.8* | 4319.5 ± 1053.9* | 2181.6 ± 2247.5* | 0.01 |
| Osteoprogesterin (pg/mL) | 1928 ± 835.6* | 2113.8 ± 962.1* | 1376.8 ± 641.7* | 838.4 ± 710.2* | 0.001 |
*Mean (±SD), Kruskal-Wallis test, and a post hoc analysis using Dunn’s multiple comparison test with adjustment using Bonferroni or Benjamini-Hochberg corrections.
BSA, body surface area; EOA, effective orifice area; IL, interleukin; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NIC, National Institute of Cardiology; PSAP, pulmonary systolic artery pressure; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear-factor kappa B; RANK-L, receptor activator of nuclear-factor kappa B ligand; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; test settings, comparison test with adjustment using Bonferroni or Benjamini-Hochberg corrections.; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha.