Comparison of baseline characteristics and echocardiographic variables between patients with and without elevated FP
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Variable | Elevated FP (N=422) | Normal FP (N=561) | P value |
| Age (mean±(SD)) | 81.47 (9.06) | 81.13 (8.35) | 0.542 |
| Female (%) | 159 (38) | 240 (43) | 0.122 |
| BMI (mean, kg/m2 (mean,(SD)) | 28.76 (6.43) | 29.23 (6.74) | 0.271 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 173 (41) | 194 (35) | 0.046 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 312 (74) | 429 (76) | 0.401 |
| Hypertension (%) | 394 (93) | 516 (92) | 0.485 |
| Dialysis (%) | 22 (5) | 16 (3) | 0.083 |
| PVD (%) | 154 (36) | 192 (34) | 0.503 |
| Prior stroke or TIA (%) | 80 (19) | 110 (20) | 0.862 |
| History of atrial fibrillation (%) | 222 (53) | 217 (39) | <0.001 |
| Prior CABG (%) | 135 (32) | 145 (26) | 0.041 |
| Prior CABG or PCI (%) | 229 (54) | 275 (49) | 0.118 |
| Previous valve replacement or repair (%) | 84 (20) | 92 (16) | 0.182 |
| Permanent pacemaker or defibrillator (%) | 63 (15) | 56 (10) | 0.024 |
| Echocardiographic characteristics | |||
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), % (mean (SD)) | 52.13 (13.66) | 57.38 (10.65) | <0.001 |
| Reduced ejection fraction (LVEF≤40%) | 88 (21) | 51 (9) | <0.001 |
| Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Index (mean (SD)) | 57.49 (23.24) | 51.69 (31.37) | 0.003 |
| Left ventricular posterior wall thickness, cm (mean (SD)) | 1.32 (1.39) | 1.26 (0.86) | 0.375 |
| Interventricular septal thickness, cm (mean (SD)) | 1.50 (1.53) | 1.40 (0.27) | 0.127 |
| Right ventricular systolic pressure, mm Hg (mean (SD)) | 49.89 (14.73) | 37.59 (13.01) | <0.001 |
| Inferior vena cava compliant (%) | 267 (77) | 391 (88) | <0.001 |
| Inferior vena cava dilated (%) | 106 (30) | 65 (15) | <0.001 |
| Posterior wall thickness, cm (mean (SD)) | 1.32 (1.39) | 1.26 (0.86) | 0.375 |
| Presence of mild or moderate mitral regurgitation (%) | 411 (97) | 536 (96) | 0.175 |
| Aortic stenosis peak gradient, mm Hg (mean (SD)) | 69.64 (22.53) | 74.93 (23.45) | <0.001 |
| Aortic stenosis mean gradient, mm Hg (mean (SD)) | 41.42 (14.41) | 44.51 (14.69) | 0.001 |
| Left ventricular outflow tract mean velocity, cm/s (mean (SD)) | 0.60 (0.15) | 0.66 (0.15) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular outflow tract diameter, cm (mean (SD)) | 2.04 (0.16) | 2.03 (0.14) | 0.35 |
| Aortic valve VTI (mean (SD)) | 1.01 (0.25) | 1.02 (0.22) | 0.229 |
| Aortic valve mean velocity, m/s (mean (SD)) | 2.97 (0.57) | 3.09 (0.54) | 0.001 |
| Area Index Reported (mean (SD)) | 0.35 (0.10) | 0.37 (0.11) | 0.001 |
| Aortic valve area, cm2 (mean (SD)) | 0.68 (0.19) | 0.71 (0.17) | 0.026 |
| Left ventricular outflow tract stroke index (mL/m2) (mean (SD)) | 34.65 (10.19) | 37.73 (10.98) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular outflow tract stroke volume (mL/m2) (mean (SD)) | 67.20 (20.28) | 71.67 (17.72) | <0.001 |
| Aortic cusp calcification (%) | 0.17 | ||
| mild | 133 (34) | 189 (36) | |
| moderate | 50 (13) | 87 (17) | |
| Severe | 206 (53) | 250 (48) | |
BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; FP, filling pressure; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; TIA, transint ischemic attack; VTI, velocity time integral.