HRs (95% CI) of heart failure and pulmonary heart disease associated with 10 bpm higher resting heart rate after excluding participants with prior diseases
| Outcome | Events (n) | HR* (95% CI) |
| Heart failure | ||
| Main model | 3749 | 1.25 (1.17 to 1.34) |
| Excluding prior non-vascular disease† | 2634 | 1.14 (1.05 to 1.24) |
| Excluding poor self-rated health | 3727 | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.28) |
| Excluding the first 5 years of follow-up | 2745 | 1.23 (1.14 to 1.33) |
| Excluding prior stroke and those on aspirin, and BP-lowering medication | 2929 | 1.31 (1.21 to 1.41) |
| Excluding HF cases secondary to first PHD diagnosis | 3511 | 1.20 (1.12 to 1.29) |
| Pulmonary heart disease | ||
| Main model | 5572 | 1.74 (1.67 to 1.81) |
| Excluding prior non-vascular disease† | 2397 | 1.39 (1.30 to 1.48) |
| Excluding poor self-rated health | 3824 | 1.59 (1.51 to 1.67) |
| Excluding the first 5 years of follow-up | 3699 | 1.59 (1.51 to 1.68) |
| Excluding prior stroke and those on aspirin, and BP-lowering medication | 5307 | 1.79 (1.72 to 1.87) |
| Excluding PHD cases secondary to first HF diagnosis | 5309 | 1.75 (1.68 to 1.83) |
n=frequency. All analyses were adjusted for age-at-risk, sex, season, region, socioeconomic factors (education, household income and marital status); CVD risk factors (alcohol consumption, physical activity, smoking, systolic blood pressure, body mass index and self-reported diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and hypertension diagnosed by a medical doctor). All analyses were stratified by age-at-risk and region.
The risk of heart failure per 10 bpm higher usual resting heart rate was only estimated for usual RHR≥75 bpm where the shape of the association of usual resting heart rate with heart failure was approximately linear.
*All HRs are per 10 beats per minute higher usual heart rate.
†Prior non-vascular disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, any cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis and chronic kidney disease).
BP, blood pressure; PHD, pulmonary heart disease.