Baseline demographics, risk factors, biochemical and echocardiographic parameters
| Variable | Summary/category | Total (n=87) | Survivors (n=36) | Non-survivors (n=51) | OR | P values | 95% CI: low | 95% CI: high |
| Age (years) | Mean/SD | 62.5±14.8 | 64±13.7 | 61.5±15.6 | 1.01 | 0.429 | 0.98 | 1.04 |
| Median/(Q1–Q3) | 64 (56–72.5) | 67.5 (55.3–73) | 61 (56–70.5) | |||||
| Minimum–maximum | 17–92 | 20–86 | 17–92 | |||||
| Gender | Women | 39 (44.8%) | 19 (52.8%) | 20 (39.2%) | ||||
| Men | 48 (55.2%) | 17 (47.2%) | 31 (60.8%) | 0.58 | 0.212 | 0.24 | 1.37 | |
| ITU admission | Non-ITU | 36 (41.4%) | 6 (16.7%) | 30 (58.8%) | ||||
| ITU | 51 (58.6%) | 30 (83.3%) | 21 (41.2%) | 7.14 | <0.001 | 2.53 | 20.19 | |
| Ethnicity | White | 26 (29.9%) | 11 (30.6%) | 15 (29.4%) | ||||
| Asian | 5 (5.7%) | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (3.9%) | |||||
| Others | 19 (21.8%) | 8 (22.2%) | 10 (19.6%) | |||||
| Black | 29 (33.3%) | 10 (27.8%) | 19 (37.3%) | |||||
| BAME | 53 (60.9%) | 22 (61.1%) | 31 (60.8%) | |||||
| Missing | 8 (9.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 5 (9.8%) | |||||
| Ethnicity (binary) | Caucasians | 26 (29.9%) | 11 (30.6%) | 15 (29.4%) | ||||
| Non-caucasians | 53 (60.9%) | 22 (61.1%) | 31 (60.8%) | 0.97 | 0.946 | 0.37 | 2.50 | |
| Missing | 8 (9.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 5 (9.8%) | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Mean/SD | 29.8±6.9 | 30.8±8.2 | 29.2±6.1 | 1.03 | 0.339 | 0.96 | 1.11 |
| Median/(Q1–Q3) | 28.4 (25.5–32.8) | 29.4 (26.5–33.7) | 28.4 (25.2–32.4) | |||||
| Minimum–maximum | 17.9–54.7 | 19.6–54.7 | 17.9–46.2 | |||||
| Missing | 15 (17.2%) | 10 (27.8%) | 5 (9.8%) | |||||
| Comorbidities | Hypertension | |||||||
| No | 42 (48.3%) | 13 (36.1%) | 29 (56.9%) | |||||
| Yes | 45 (51.7%) | 23 (63.9%) | 22 (43.1%) | 2.33 | 0.059 | 0.97 | 5.61 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||||
| No | 58 (66.7%) | 24 (66.7%) | 34 (66.7%) | |||||
| Yes | 29 (33.3%) | 12 (33.3%) | 17 (33.3%) | 1.00 | 0.999 | 0.40 | 2.47 | |
| CKD | ||||||||
| No | 68.2% (78.2%) | 30 (83.3%) | 41 (80.4%) | |||||
| Yes | 19 (21.2%) | 6 (16.7%) | 10 (19.6%) | 0.82 | 0.728 | 0.27 | 2.50 | |
| CAD | ||||||||
| No | 77 (88.5%) | 31 (86.1%) | 46 (90.2%) | |||||
| Yes | 10 (11.5%) | 5 (13.9%) | 5 (9.8%) | 1.48 | 0.558 | 0.40 | 5.56 | |
| COPD | ||||||||
| No | 81 (93.1%) | 35 (97.2%) | 46 (90.2%) | |||||
| Yes | 6 (6.9%) | 1 (2.8%) | 5 (9.8%) | 0.26 | 0.232 | 0.03 | 2.35 | |
| AF | ||||||||
| N | 78 (89.7%) | 33 (91.7%) | 45 (88.2%) | |||||
| Yes | 9 (10.3%) | 3 (8.3%) | 6 (11.8%) | 0.68 | 0.606 | 0.16 | 2.93 | |
| Obesity (BMI >30) kg/m2) | ||||||||
| No | 58 (66.7%) | 25 (69.4%) | 33 (64.7%) | |||||
| Yes | 29 (33.3%) | 11 (30.6%) | 18 (35.3%) | 1.14 | 0.792 | 0.43 | 3.03 | |
| Echocardiographic variables | ||||||||
| LVEF (%) | Mean/SD | 60.7±10 | 62.1±10.8 | 59.8±9.5 | 1.03 | 0.296 | 0.98 | 1.08 |
| Median/(Q1–Q3) | 62.8 (57.5–65) | 65 (60–67.5) | 62.5 (57.5–65) | |||||
| Range (Minimum–maximum) | 12.5–75 | 12.5–75 | 17.5–68 | |||||
| Missing | 1 (1.1%) | 0 | 1 (1.9%) | |||||
| LV size (cm) | Mean/SD | 4.4±0.6 | 4.2±0.7 | 4.6±0.5 | 0.37 | 0.019 | 0.16 | 0.85 |
| Median/(Q1–Q3) | 4.5 (4–4.8) | 4.2 (3.9–4.6) | 4.6 (4.3–4.9) | |||||
| Range (Minimum–maximum) | 2.8–6.2 | 2.8–6.2 | 3.3–5.7 | |||||
| Missing | 2 (2.3%) | 0 | 2 (3.9%) | |||||
| Left atrial size (cm) | Mean/SD | 3.6±0.7 | 3.3±0.6 | 3.7±0.7 | 0.40 | 0.082 | 0.14 | 1.12 |
| Median/(Q1–Q3) | 3.6 (3.1–3.9) | 3.4 (3.1–3.7) | 3.7 (3.3–4) | |||||
| Range (Minimum–maximum) | 1.7–5.6 | 1.7–4.5 | 2.7–5.6 | |||||
| Missing | 36 (41.4%) | 20 (55.6%) | 16 (31.4%) | |||||
| RV size (cm) | Mean/SD | 4.0±0.8 | 4.0±0.8 | 3.9±0.8 | 1.53 | 0.531 | 0.40 | 5.86 |
| Median/(Q1–Q3) | 4.3 (3.5–4.7) | 4.3 (4.1–4.8) | 4.1 (3.5–4.5) | |||||
| Range (Minimum–maximum) | 2.4–5 | 2.4–5 | 2.6–5 | |||||
| Missing | 71 (81.6%) | 30 (83.3%) | 41 (80.4%) | |||||
| Right atrial area (cm2) | Mean/SD | 16.4±5.7 | 14.8±3.4 | 17±6.4 | 0.92 | 0.361 | 0.77 | 1.10 |
| Median/(Q1–Q3) | 14.9 (13–19.3) | 14.7 (13.1–17) | 14.9 (13–21.1) | |||||
| Range (Minimum–maximum) | 7.7–34.7 | 8.8–20.2 | 7.7–34.7 | |||||
| Missing | 59 (67.8%) | 28 (77.8%) | 31 (60.8%) | |||||
| PASP (mm Hg) | Mean/SD | 41.7±13.1 | 44.5±14.2 | 38.5±11.1 | 1.04 | 0.134 | 0.99 | 1.09 |
| Median/(Q1–Q3) | 40 (32.1–49.9) | 42.5 (35.5–52) | 35.5 (32–44) | |||||
| Range (Minimum–maximum) | 21.5–77 | 22.5–77 | 21.5–61 | |||||
| Missing | 38 (43.7%) | 11 (30.6%) | 27 (52.9%) | |||||
| RV dysfunction | No | 64 (73.6%) | 22 (61.1%) | 42 (82.4%) | ||||
| Yes | 23 (26.4%) | 14 (38.9%) | 9 (17.6%) | 2.97 | 0.030 | 1.11 | 7.94 | |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Elevated PASP | No | 17 (19.5%) | 7 (19.4%) | 10 (19.6%) | ||||
| Yes | 32 (36.8%) | 18 (50.0%) | 14 (27.5%) | 1.84 | 0.317 | 0.56 | 6.05 | |
| Missing | 38 (43.7%) | 11 (30.6%) | 27 (52.9%) | |||||
| Impaired LVEF | No | 79 (90.8%) | 33 (91.7%) | 46 (90.2%) | ||||
| Yes | 7 (8.0%) | 3 (8.3%) | 4 (7.8%) | 1.045 | 0.956 | 0.22 | 4.99 | |
| Missing | 1 (1.1%) | 0 | 1 (2.0%) | |||||
| Biomarkers | ||||||||
| Troponin (ng/L) | Median /(Q1–Q3) | 58.6 (9.8–97.1) | 71.2 (17.5–97.6) | 45.3 (8.9–97.1) | 1.14 | 0.316 | 0.88 | 1.47 |
| (log scale used in analysis) | Mean/SD | 268.3±826.9 | 226.7±384.6 | 299.2±1049.5 | ||||
| Range (minimum–maximum) | 1.1–6958 | 4.2–1439.7 | 1.1–6958 | |||||
| Missing | 6 (6.9%) | 1 (2.8%) | 5 (9.8%) | |||||
| Confirmed PE | No | 16 (18.4%) | 7 (19.4%) | 9 (17.7%) | ||||
| Yes | 4 (4.6%) | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (5.9%) | 0.43 | 0.501 | 0.04 | 5.06 | |
| Missing | 67 (77%) | 28 (77.8%) | 39 (76.5%) |
Data is presented as mean±SD, median (Q1–Q3) and number (%).
AF, atrial fibrillation; BAME, Black and minority ethnic; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ITU, intensive care unit; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PE, pulmonary embolism/embolus; RV, right ventricle.