Baseline characteristics according to total coffee consumption, by sex. The Tromsø Study 2015–2016
| Variables | Cups of coffee per day | ||||
| 0 | 1–2 | 3–4 | 5–6 | ≥7 | |
| Women | |||||
| n | 849 | 1308 | 2615 | 1621 | 774 |
| Age, years | 50.4 (9.4) | 56.1 (12.9) | 57.38 (11.0) | 56.8 (10.5) | 56.1 (9.5) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.2 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 (5.9) | 26.8 (5.1) | 26.6 (4.7) | 26.9 (4.8) | 27.6 (5.2) |
| Daily smoking, % | |||||
| Yes, now | 7.4 | 5.6 | 9.3 | 17.9 | 37.0 |
| Yes, previously | 26.4 | 36.6 | 46.0 | 49.5 | 44.1 |
| Never | 66.2 | 57.8 | 44.7 | 32.6 | 19.0 |
| Physical activity, % | |||||
| Low | 16.8 | 13.6 | 13.0 | 12.5 | 15.5 |
| Moderate | 58.9 | 65.4 | 65.8 | 66.3 | 65.2 |
| High | 21.4 | 18.2 | 18.7 | 18.8 | 17.7 |
| Very high | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.6 |
| Highest level of education, % | |||||
| Primary/secondary ≤10 years | 13.0 | 19.3 | 20.7 | 24.6 | 29.6 |
| Upper secondary: 13 years | 24.6 | 20.4 | 24.6 | 27.1 | 28.8 |
| College/university <4 years | 20.3 | 18.9 | 18.9 | 17.5 | 15.9 |
| College/university ≥4 years | 42.2 | 35.8 | 35.8 | 30.8 | 25.7 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | |||||
| No | 93.5 | 94.3 | 95.6 | 96.3 | 94.4 |
| Yes, now | 5.2 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 4.9 |
| Yes, previously | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
| Alcohol frequency, % | |||||
| Never | 18.7 | 9.3 | 6.6 | 8.2 | 5.2 |
| Monthly or less frequently | 39.7 | 29.9 | 24.2 | 24.3 | 34.0 |
| 2–4 times per month | 27.6 | 34.2 | 37.9 | 40.1 | 37.9 |
| 2–3 times per week | 11.0 | 21.5 | 24.8 | 22.9 | 19.9 |
| ≥4 times per week | 3.1 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 4.4 | 3.1 |
| Men | |||||
| n | 544 | 759 | 1998 | 1983 | 1438 |
| Age, years | 52.2 (10.2) | 58.9 (12.4) | 58.4 (11.8) | 56.7 (10.7) | 55.7 (10.1) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.2 (1.0) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.1) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.4 (4.8) | 27.6 (3.8) | 27.5 (3.7) | 27.8 (4.0) | 28.1 (3.9) |
| Daily smoking, % | |||||
| Yes, now | 8.6 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 11.4 | 27.5 |
| Yes, previously | 23.7 | 39.3 | 44.4 | 48.1 | 44.8 |
| Never | 67.6 | 54.2 | 49.2 | 40.5 | 27.7 |
| Physical activity, % | |||||
| Low | 18.6 | 15.2 | 12.9 | 13.9 | 17.5 |
| Moderate | 49.9 | 54.7 | 50.7 | 50.8 | 51.0 |
| High | 27.2 | 26.2 | 32.3 | 31.7 | 28.9 |
| Very high | 4.8 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 2.6 |
| Highest level of education, % | |||||
| Primary/secondary ≤10 years | 18.2 | 17.4 | 19.1 | 19.8 | 27.6 |
| Upper secondary: 13 years | 26.7 | 29.2 | 28.6 | 29.7 | 34.4 |
| College/university <4 years | 21.1 | 20.4 | 23.4 | 22.2 | 19.7 |
| College/university ≥4 years | 34.0 | 32.9 | 28.9 | 28.3 | 18.3 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | |||||
| No | 91.5 | 93.0 | 93.6 | 94.2 | 94.7 |
| Yes, now | 8.3 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 5.1 |
| Yes, previously | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Alcohol frequency, % | |||||
| Never | 18.0 | 7.4 | 5.5 | 3.0 | 4.2 |
| Monthly or less frequently | 34.4 | 24.5 | 18.6 | 16.2 | 21.1 |
| 2–4 times per month | 29.0 | 33.2 | 38.5 | 42.7 | 43.3 |
| 2–3 times per week | 13.4 | 25.4 | 29.6 | 30.3 | 24.4 |
| ≥4 times per week | 5.1 | 9.5 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.0 |
Values are means with SD in parenthesis (continuous variables) or percentage (categorical variables).
BMI, body mass index.