Unadjusted characteristics associated with significant pericardial effusions within 90 days after surgery
| Univariable model 1 Pericardial effusion, index admission (events, n=125) | Univariable model 2 Pericardial effusion, after discharge (events, n=105) | |||||
| HR | 95% CI | P value* | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Characteristics | ||||||
| Sex, male vs female | 0.89 | 0.61 to 1.30 | 0.556 | 2.61 | 1.51 to 4.51 | ≤0.001 |
| 18–65 years vs >65 | 1.77 | 1.24 to 2.52 | 0.002 | 3.46 | 2.34 to 5.12 | ≤0.001 |
| Age (years) | 0.97 | 0.95 to 0.98 | ≤0.001 | 0.94 | 0.93 to 0.95 | ≤0.001 |
| Preoperative information | ||||||
| Reduced pulmonary function† | 1.28 | 0.90 to 1.82 | 0.174 | 0.93 | 0.61 to 1.40 | 0.722 |
| EuroScore II | 1.05 | 1.01 to 1.08 | 0.006 | 0.63 | 0.52 to 0.75 | ≤0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate‡ mL/min<60 | 1.06 | 0.70 to 1.61 | 0.782 | 0.31 | 0.15 to 0.61 | ≤0.001 |
| Preoperative atrial fibrillation | 1.34 | 0.92 to 1.97 | 0.130 | 0.45 | 0.25 to 0.81 | 0.007 |
| Anticoagulation (before surgery) | 1.29 | 0.73 to 2.27 | 0.382 | 0.45 | 0.18 to 1.11 | 0.083 |
| Diabetes§ | 1.27 | 0.79 to 2.05 | 0.330 | 0.77 | 0.41 to 1.43 | 0.402 |
| Ejection fraction, ≤50 | 1.43 | 1.00 to 2.05 | 0.053 | 0.79 | 0.50 to 1.25 | 0.139 |
| Previous heart surgery | 0.87 | 0.47 to 1.62 | 0.670 | 0.11 | 0.02 to 0.82 | 0.031 |
| Previous PCI | 0.83 | 0.44 to 1.59 | 0.584 | 1.05 | 0.55 to 2.02 | 0.881 |
| NYHA class ≥3, n (%) | 1.37 | 0.96 to 1.94 | 0.082 | 0.57 | 0.37 to 0.89 | 0.013 |
| Body mass index | 0.99 | 0.96 to 1.03 | 0.792 | 1.02 | 0.98 to 1.06 | 0.370 |
| Current or former smoker | 0.90 | 0.63 to 1.27 | 0.541 | 0.83 | 0.57 to 1.23 | 0.357 |
| Alcohol intake above national recommendations | 0.50 | 0.23 to 1.08 | 0.076 | 1.16 | 0.65 to 2.08 | 0.607 |
| Aortic valve regurgitation vs stenosis | 1.60 | 1.03 to 2.49 | 0.036 | 2.37 | 1.55 to 3.64 | ≤0.001 |
| Aortic valve disease vs mitral valve disease | 0.82 | 0.54 to 1.24 | 0.343 | 1.70 | 0.97 to 2.99 | 0.064 |
| Surgical information | ||||||
| Aortic valve, mechanical vs biological | 2.35 | 1.53 to 3.60 | ≤0.001 | 3.70 | 2.44 to 5.62 | ≤0.001 |
| Mitral valve, replacement vs repair | 2.48 | 1.17 to 5.28 | 0.018 | 0.78 | 0.21 to 2.89 | 0.713 |
| Concomitant CABG | 0.49 | 0.31 to 0.80 | 0.004 | 0.26 | 0.13 to 0.49 | ≤0.001 |
| Postprocedure-related/complications | ||||||
| Re-operation due to bleeding | – | – | – | 3.46 | 1.41 to 8.50 | 0.007 |
| Postoperative atrial fibrillation | 0.65 | 0.44 to 0.97 | 0.033 | |||
| Medical treatment prescribed after surgery | ||||||
| Anticoagulants | ||||||
| Dalteparin | – | – | – | 0.66 | 0.44 to 0.99 | 0.043 |
| Warfarin | – | – | – | 1.73 | 1.18 to 2.53 | 0.005 |
| Platelet aggregation inhibitors | ||||||
| Acetylsalicyl acid | – | – | – | 0.34 | 0.23 to 0.51 | ≤0.001 |
| Ticagrelor | – | – | – | 0.33 | 0.05 to 2.37 | 0.271 |
| Clopidogrel | – | – | – | 0.82 | 0.44 to 1.53 | 0.535 |
| Dipyridamol | – | – | – | 0.75 | 0.18 to 3.03 | 0.685 |
| Direct oral anticoagulants, DOAC | ||||||
| Apixaban | – | – | – | 0.53 | 0.17 to 1.68 | 0.283 |
| Dabigatranetexilat | – | – | – | 0.38 | 0.05 to 2.75 | 0.341 |
| Rivaroxaban | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Combination of treatment | ||||||
| Dualtherapy, anticoagulants | – | – | – | 1.22 | 0.83 to 1.79 | 0.312 |
| SAPT and anticoagulants | – | – | – | 0.24 | 0.13 to 0.47 | ≤0.001 |
| Others | ||||||
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), ibuprofen | – | – | – | 1.80 | 1.22 to 2.63 | 0.003 |
IQR: 25th to 75th quartile.
*A p value of <0.20 was considered statistically significant (shown in bold).
†Patients with forced expiratory volume,%≤80% of predicted value and/or a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
‡Estimated glomerular filtration rate estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation.
§Patients with diabetes; insulin, peroral and non-pharmacological treatment.
CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulants; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; NYHA, New York Heart Association Class; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SAPT, single antiplatelet therapy.