Kallio et al
Circa Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 201028 | ETS tested at multiple timepoints during 8–13 years Objective biomarkers The first research: indicates that frequent ETS exposure is related to thicker CIMT among healthy 13-year-old adolescents Interobserver variation reported Dose-response relationship investigated Measurements of other indexes such as FMD and apolipoprotein
| No information about the children’s exposure before the age of 8 years The possibility of having active adolescent smokers among the participants Retrospective ascertainment of smoking in pregnancy (questionnaire) Potential residual confounding by family SES, breastfeeding, pubertal status
| Confounders used:
BMI, diastolic BP, sex, pubertal status, STRIP study grouping (intervention or control), ApoB, ApoA-I, LDL cholesterol, and FMD |
Geerts et al
Pediatrics. 201227 | The first study investigates this relationship in younger age group Comprehensive collection on exposure variables including prenatal, perinatal and postnatal period Able to distinguish the effect caused by prenatal and postnatal exposure Dose–response relationship was investigated Cumulative exposure was measured (questionnaire, amount and duration)
| Self-reported exposure condition Slightly different demographic characteristics between the prenatal mother smoking group and non-smoking group Small sample of smoking mothers with limited statistical power Children’s CIMT mean value was not provided
| Two adjusted models:Age, sex, maternal age at birth and breast feeding; Difference in BMI z-score (BMI z-score at 4 weeks after birth, and BMI z-score at the children’s age of 5 years)
|
Yang et al
J Renin-Angio-Aldo S.
201229 | Participants were randomly recruited from school Exposure was measured by serum cotinine level Lipid profile was tested Active adolescent smokers were excluded Even participants with low exposure level were shown to have thicker CIMT
| Male sex only No non-exposed control group Hypoxia (in Tibet) is the risk factor of AS One technician for the CIMT measurement
| No adjustment was made |
Ayer et al
European Heart Journal. 201124 | ETS was measured at multiple timepoints: 1 year, 5 years, 7.5 years, etc. The first research: indicates the independent role of prenatal ETS exposure on children’s risk of future CVD Detailed exposure condition was recorded in each trimester
| Exposure measured by questionnaire (might underestimate the exposure rate) Non fasting blood at 8 years. No further adjustment on ETS and CIMT
| Since the mean CIMT was not significantly different among groups in univariate analysis thus this study did not go for multivariate adjustment |