Baseline characteristics
| Failure after two PVIs (N=45) | Success after single or double PVI (n=512) | P value | |
| Age (years), mean±SD | 59.5±9.1 | 58.8±10.1 | 0.683 |
| Female sex, no. (%) | 16 (35.6%) | 158 (30.9%) | 0.506 |
| Duration of AF, median (IQR) | 1540 (752–2915) | 1318 (621–2584) | 0.282 |
| Type of AF, no. (%) | 0.016 | ||
| Paroxysmal | 32 (71.1%) | 416 (81.3%) | |
| Persistent | 11 (24.4%) | 93 (18.2%) | |
| Longstanding persistent | 2 (4.4%) | 3 (0.6%) | |
| eGFR, mean±SD | 75.6±15.0 | 81.8±14.7 | 0.009 |
| Body mass index, mean±SD | 28.1±4.9 | 27.4±4.2 | 0.259 |
| Diabetes mellitus, no. (%) | 1 (2.2%) | 43 (8.4%) | 0.141 |
| Hypertension, no. (%) | 16 (35.6%) | 188 (36.7%) | 0.877 |
| Heart failure, no. (%) | 7 (15.6%) | 23 (4.5%) | 0.007 |
| Coronary artery disease, no. (%) | 1 (2.2%) | 53 (10.4%) | 0.756 |
| Vascular disease, no. (%) | 2 (4.4%) | 17 (3.3%) | 0.660 |
| Ischaemic stroke, no. (%) | 4 (8.9%) | 35 (6.8%) | 0.544 |
| Bundle branch block, no. (%) | 6 (13.3%) | 26 (5.1%) | 0.023 |
| Prior AAD, no. (%) | 32 (71.1%) | 349 (68.2%) | 0.741 |
| Amiodarone use, no. (%) | 7 (15.6%) | 57 (11.1%) | 0.336 |
| LAVI, mean±SD | 36.7±10.3 | 32.9±9.2 | 0.013 |
| LVEF, mean±SD | 53.4±5.4 | 54.1±4.4 | 0.352 |
AAD, antiarrhythmic drug; AF, atrial fibrillation; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LAVI, Left Atrium Volume Index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PVI, pulmonary vein isolation.