Baseline characteristics and outcomes by antithrombotic treatment exposure status
| Variables | Prophylactic anticoagulation n=51 | Therapeutic anticoagulation n=31 | Prophylactic anticoagulation + antiplatelet therapy n=95 | Therapeutic anticoagulation + antiplatelet therapy n= 65 | P value |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 59.69 (17.04) | 62.55 (15.80) | 66.22 (13.83) | 62.66 (14.73) | 0.09 |
| Males, n (%) | 30 (58.8) | 21 (67.7) | 64 (67.4) | 52 (80.0) | 0.1 |
| Females, n (%) | 21 (41.2) | 10 (32.3) | 31 (32.6) | 13 (20.0) | |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 78.58 (18.66) | 84.26 (23.91) | 82.02 (17.01) | 88.11 (16.03) | 0.04 |
| Smokers, n (%) | 14 (27.5) | 9 (29.0) | 9 (9.5) | 21 (32.3) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 20 (39.2) | 14 (45.2) | 55 (57.9) | 33 (50.8) | 0.17 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 12 (23.5) | 8 (25.8) | 44 (46.3) | 23 (35.4) | 0.03 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (3.2) | 6 (9.2) | 0.32 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 7 (13.7) | 5 (16.1) | 8 (8.4) | 3 (4.6) | 0.21 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 10 (19.6) | 8 (25.8) | 32 (33.7) | 16 (24.6) | 0.29 |
| Bleeding disorder, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 0.52 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.5) | 0.63 |
| Kidney disease, n (%) | 3 (5.9) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (2.1) | 5 (7.7) | 0.37 |
| COPD, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | 4 (4.2) | 2 (3.1) | 0.55 |
| CAD, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 5 (16.1) | 10 (10.5) | 10 (15.4) | 0.09 |
| Others, n (%) | 18 (35.3) | 15 (48.4) | 34 (35.8) | 21 (32.3) | 0.49 |
| Home anticoagulation, n (%) | 3 (5.9) | 9 (29.0) | 3 (3.2) | 5 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Indication for anticoagulant use | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 6 (19.4) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (4.6) | 0.004 |
| Venous thromboembolism, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Home antiplatelet, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 1 (3.2) | 25 (26.3) | 16 (24.6) | 0.001 |
| Indication for antiplatelet use | |||||
| Acute coronary syndrome, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (32) | 2 (3.2) | 4 (6.2) | 0.06 |
| Post coronary artery bypass grafting, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (5.3) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Others n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 15 (15.8) | 7 (10.8) | |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 8 (15.7) | 9 (29.0) | 29 (30.5) | 20 (30.8) | 0.22 |
| Beta blocker, n (%) | 13 (25.5) | 8 (25.8) | 23 (24.2) | 19 (29.2) | 0.92 |
| Corticosteroids, n (%) | 3 (5.9) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0.13 |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (3.1) | 0.81 |
| Immunosuppressant, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 5 (16.1) | 6 (6.3) | 1 (1.5) | 0.04 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 18 (35.3) | 12 (38.7) | 47 (49.5) | 28 (43.1) | 0.61 |
| Fever, n (%) | 13 (25.5) | 5 (16.1) | 15 (15.8) | 11 (16.9) | |
| Cough, n (%) | 5 (9.8) | 3 (9.7) | 6 (6.3) | 5 (7.7) | |
| Desaturation, n (%) | 5 (9.8) | 5 (16.1) | 7 (7.4) | 11 (16.9) | |
| Vomiting, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 2 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Chest Pain, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (3.2) | 4 (4.2) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Fatigue, n (%) | 3 (5.9) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Chills, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Myalgia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Others, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 2 (6.5) | 6 (6.3) | 4 (6.2) | |
| Days of symptoms, mean (SD) | 4.92 (4.79) | 4.63 (4.43) | 3.98 (3.82) | 4.19 (3.65) | 0.58 |
| Oxygen on presentation | |||||
| Nasal canula, n (%) | 18 (35.3) | 10 (32.3) | 29 (30.5) | 16(24.6) | 0.65 |
| Face mask, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 4 (12.9) | 2 (2.1 | 6 (9.2) | 0.07 |
| Non-rebreather, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 3 (9.7) | 4 (4.2) | 13 (20.0) | 0.003 |
| Vitals on admission | |||||
| Heart rate, mean (SD) | 90.63 (15.07) | 64.97 (17.28) | 89.56 (13.52) | 92.86 (15.03) | 0.26 |
| Temperature, mean (SD) | 37.70 (1.12) | 38.07 (0.99) | 37.50 (0.90) | 37.74 (1.10) | 0.05 |
| Oxygen saturation, mean (SD)* | 94.61 (3.20) | 89.74 (10.69) | 93.25 (5.91) | 88.37 (12.73) | 0.001 |
| Admissions labs | |||||
| Platelet count, mean (SD) | 265996 (104433) | 262129 (122690) | 239052 (111562) | 227861 (103930) | 0.22 |
| PT, mean (SD) | 17.13 (19.16) | 16.08 (5.13) | 14.06 (2.26) | 14.47 (2.66) | 0.33 |
| PTT, mean (SD) | 31.81 (16.24) | 30.19 (4.46) | 29.03 (5.45) | 32.96 (15.12) | 0.28 |
| D-dimers, mean (SD) | 1.06 (0.81) | 4.60 (7.28) | .90 (0.61) | 1.32 (1.47) | <0.001 |
| Admissions labs | |||||
| Fibrinogen, mean (SD)* | 484 (141.45) | 524 (214.64) | 511 (131.50) | 532. (171.48) | 0.42 |
| Troponin, mean (SD) | 13.06 (16.34) | 32.69 (49.63) | 25.52 (64.03) | 58.25 (313.92) | 0.59 |
| BNP, mean (SD) | 391.79 (827.93) | 3467.43 (7642.4) | 2078.66 (6510.8) | 1399.73 (3691.12) | 0.48 |
| CRP, mean (SD) | 7.24 (6.01) | 14.92 (9.01) | 6.72 (5.84) | 10.69 (9.56) | <0.001 |
| WBC, mean (SD)* | 11951 (34879) | 8648 (5384) | 6630 (2816) | 7875 (3428) | 0.11 |
| Lymphocyte, mean (SD) | 946 (977.27) | 884 (632.13) | 941 (1186.50) | 662 (380.87) | 0.24 |
| Interluekin-6 Levels, mean (SD) | 85.33 (208.08) | 114.80 (96.301) | 62.07(85.48) | 277.53 (713.05) | 0.03 |
| VTE Risk (Padua score) | |||||
| Padua score >4, n (%) | 9 (17.6) | 10 (32.3) | 13 (13.7) | 8 (12.3) | 0.07 |
| Padau score < 4, n (%) | 42 (82.4) | 21 (67.7) | 82 (86.3) | 57 (87.7) | |
| Bleeding risk (IMPROVE bleeding risk score) | |||||
| Score < 7, n (%) | 50 (98.0) | 29 (93.5) | 92 (96.8) | 62 (95.4) | 0.73 |
| Score >7, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (6.5) | 3 (3.2) | 3 (4.6) | |
| COVID-19 hospital administered medications | |||||
| Steroids, n (%) | 42 (82.4) | 31 (100) | 86 (90.5) | 64 (98.5) | 0.004 |
| Tofacitinib, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 6 (19.4) | 3 (3.2) | 12 (18.5) | 0.001 |
| Remdesivir, n (%) | 12 (23.5) | 12 (38.7) | 19 (20.0) | 32 (49.2) | 0.004 |
| Barcitinib, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (3.2) | 1 (1.5) | 0.59 |
| Favipiravir, n (%) | 7 (13.7) | 2 (6.5) | 18 (18.9) | 6 (9.2) | 0.2 |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0.08 |
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 3 (9.7) | 4 (4.2) | 9 (13.8) | 0.09 |
| Ivermectin, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (6.5) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0.13 |
| Vitamin C, n (%) | 49 (96.1) | 29 (93.5) | 94 (98.9) | 64 (98.5) | 0.32 |
| Vitamin D, n (%) | 30 (58.8) | 21 (67.7) | 62 (65.3) | 44 (67.7) | 0.76 |
| Zinc, n (%) | 48 (94.1) | 29 (93.5) | 92 (96.8) | 63 (96.9) | 0.75 |
| Azithromycin, n (%) | 9 (17.6) | 15 (48.4) | 43 (45.3) | 39 (60.0) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulant used | |||||
| LMWH, n (%) | 47 (92.2) | 26 (83.9) | 77 (81.1) | 55 (84.6) | 0.36 |
| UFH, n (%) | 3 (5.9) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (3.2) | 4 (6.2) | 0.77 |
| Fondaparinux, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.5) | 12 (12.6) | 7 (10.8) | 0.03 |
| DOACs, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.5) | 3 (3.2) | 0 (0) | 0.11 |
| Antiplatelet used | |||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 93 (97.9) | 62 (95.4) | < 0.001 |
| Clopidogrel, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.1) | 5 (7.7) | 0.05 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Composite, n (%)* | 8 (15.7) | 9 (29.0) | 12 (12.6) | 34 (52.3) | <0.001 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 5 (9.8) | 7 (22.6) | 6 (6.3) | 16 (24.6) | 0.004 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 7 (13.7) | 8 (25.8) | 12 (12.6) | 32 (49.2) | <0.001 |
| Invasive ventilation, n (%) | 4 (ca) | 6 (19.4) | 5 (5.3) | 19 (29.2) | <0.001 |
| Major bleeding, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 2 (6.5) | 0 (0) | 6 (9.2) | 0.17 |
| Clinically relevant non-major bleeds, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0) | 6 (9.2) | 0.29 |
| Minor bleeds, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.2) | 4 (6.2) | 0.39 |
| Any thromboembolic event, n (%) | 5 (9.8) | 9 (38.7) | 7 (7.4) | 15 (32.3) | 0.002 |
| DVT, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - |
| PE, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (9.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 0.002 |
| MI, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.1) | 4 (6.2) | 0.12 |
| Ischemic stroke, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 0.43 |
*Composite comprised of either mortality, ICU admissions, or mechanical ventilation.
ACEi/ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/ angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, c-reactive protein; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; HFNC, high flow nasal canula; ICU, intensive care unit; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin; MI, myocardial infarction; PE, pulmonary embolism; PT, prothrombin time; PTT, partial thromboplastin time; TIA, transient ischemic attack; UFH, unfractionated heparin; VTE, venous thromboembolism; WBC, white blood cells.