Variables associated with major postoperative complications* during hospitalisation
| Demographics | Univariate OR (95% CI) | P value | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Age | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.03) | 0.91 | ||
| Sex (male) | 1.37 (0.94 to 1.98) | 0.10 | 0.91 (0.59 to 1.40) | 0.66 |
| Current smoker | 1.12 (0.53 to 2.37) | 0.76 | ||
| Alcohol user | 0.62 (0.42 to 0.89) | 0.01 | 0.78 (0.50 to 1.21) | 0.26 |
| Frailty | ||||
| GFI ≥4§ | 1.43 (0.96 to 2.13) | 0.08 | 0.73 (0.42 to 1.24) | 0.24 |
| Somatic status | ||||
| ASA class ≥3¶ | 0.91 (0.44 to 1.86) | 0.79 | ||
| CCI ≥3†** | 1.37 (0.94 to 1.98) | 0.10 | 1.22 (0.80 to 1.87) | 0.35 |
| Polypharmacy | 1.11 (0.67 to 1.83) | 0.68 | ||
| Hyperpolypharmacy | 1.27 (0.86 to 1.88) | 0.22 | ||
| Cognitive and psychological status | ||||
| MMSE ≤24 or MoCA <26†† | 2.30 (1.30 to 4.07) | <0.01 | 2.16 (1.14 to 4.19) | 0.02 |
| GDS ≥6§ | 0.57 (0.18 to 1.77) | 0.33 | ||
| Delirium in past | 1.06 (0.57 to 1.96) | 0.85 | ||
| Social status | ||||
| Living dependent | 2.20 (0.93 to 5.21) | 0.07 | 1.59 (0.60 to 4.23) | 0.35 |
| Functional status | ||||
| Katz15 ≥2§ | 1.57 (1.08 to 2.30) | 0.02 | 1.20 (0.73 to 1.97) | 0.47 |
| MUST ≥1‡‡ | 1.06 (0.64 to 1.77) | 0.81 | ||
| Gait speed <0.8 m/s | 1.64 (1.04 to 2.60) | 0.03 | 1.47 (0.85 to 2.55) | 0.17 |
| Handgrip strength ≤20 kg/≤30 kg‡ | 1.00 (0.68 to 1.47) | >0.99 | ||
| Falls in previous 6 months | 1.37 (0.86 to 2.17) | 0.18 |
*Clavien-Dindo grade≥II.
†Points for age category not included.
‡≤20 kg female /≤30 kg male.
§Score range from 0 to 15.
¶Score range from 1 to 5.
**Score range from 0 to 24.
††Score range from 0 to 30.
‡‡Score range from 0 to 6.
ASA, American Society of Anaesthesiologists; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; GFI, Groningen Frailty Indicator; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MUST, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool.