Table 1

Characteristics of study participants at baseline

Did not develop HF (n=1346)Developed HF (n=99)P value
Age (years)78.1 (4.5)79.8 (4.9)0.0004
Smoking status0.42
 Never smoked560 (38.6%)34 (34.3%)
 Long-term ex-smoker720 (53.5%)55 (55.6%)
 Recent ex-smoker62 (4.6%)4 (4.0%)
 Current smoker43 (3.2%)6 (6.1%)
Prior myocardial infarction158 (11.7%)
Missing=0		22 (22.2%)
Missing=0		0.002
Prior stroke78 (5.8%)
Missing=0		12 (12.1%)
Missing=0		0.01
Diabetes mellitus214 (16.0%)
Missing=5		15 (15.2%)
Missing=0		0.83
Taking antihypertensive medication707 (52.5%)
Missing=0		57 (57.6%)
Missing=0		0.33
Physical measurements
 Body mass index (kg/m2)27.0 (3.8)
Missing=11		27.7 (3.8)
Missing=1		0.13
 Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)146 (18.8)
Missing=1		144 (18.9)
Missing=0		0.38
 Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)76.6 (11.4)
Missing=1		75.9 (11.4)
Missing=0		0.61
 Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (L)2.46 (0.56)
Missing=35		2.24 (0.56)
Missing=2		0.0002
Electrocardiographic measurements
 Left ventricular hypertrophy99 (7.4%)
Missing=9		9 (8.1%)
Missing=0		0.80
 Atrial fibrillation93 (7.0%)
Missing=9		16 (16.2%)
Missing=0		0.0008
 Q waves present75 (16.5%)
Missing=9		24 (24.2%)
Missing=0		0.047
Biomarkers
 Estimated glomerular filtration rate74.0 (17.5)
Missing=62		71.7 (19.1)
Missing=4		0.23
 Interleukin-62.94 (1.76–4.34)
Missing=77		3.37 (2.10–4.92)
Missing=4		0.06
 NT-pro-BNP121 (64.0–250)
Missing=89		317 (133–746)
Missing=6		<0.0001
Frailty scores
Fried phenotype0.047
 Non-frail (0)400 (29.7%)18 (18.2%)
 Prefrail (1)740 (55.0%)62 (62.6%)
 Frail (2)206 (15.3%)19 (19.2%)
Gill-like score0.32
 Mild or no frailty (0)1212 (90.0%)85 (85.9%)
 Moderate frailty (1)97 (7.2%)9 (9.1%)
 Severe frailty (2)37 (2.8%)5 (5.1%)
Novel frailty score0.013
 0967 (71.8%)57 (57.6%)
 1260 (19.3%)26 (26.3%)
 276 (5.7%)9 (9.1%)
 343 (3.2%)7 (7.1%)

  • For normally distributed continuous variables, values are mean (SD) and p values for t tests; for NT-pro-BNP and interleukin-6, values are geometric mean (IQR) and p values for Kruskall-Wallis tests; for categorical variables values are N (% of total by column) and p values for χ2 tests.

  • HF, heart failure; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide.