Change by each exercise
| Parameter | Ergometer-ESE | Handgrip-ESE | P value (ergometer-ESE vs handgrip-ESE) |
| Δ Heart rate, /min | +40 (+25 to +52)** | +10 (5 to 16)** | <0.001 |
| Δ Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | +38 (+22 to +56)** | +25 (16 to 40)** | <0.001 |
| Δ LV ejection fraction, % | +6 (+3 to +9)** | +2 (1 to 4)** | <0.001 |
| Δ Stroke volume, mL | +11 (+4 to +19)** | −1 (−7 to 3) | <0.001 |
| Δ E/e' | +1.0 (−1.9 to 5.3) | +1.6 (–1 to 3.5)* | 0.26 |
| Δ Right atrial pressure, mm Hg | +5 (±0 to +5)** | ±0 (±0 to ±0)* | <0.001 |
| Δ Systolic PAP, mm Hg | +25 (+19 to +33)** | +11 (+7 to +18)** | <0.001 |
| Δ GLS, % (absolute value) | +1.1 (0.3 to 2.9) ** | −0.6 (–1.3 to 0.5) | <0.001 |
| Δ MR volume, mL | +9 (+1 to +15)** | +12 (+6 to +16)** | 0.013 |
| Δ MR/LA area ratio | +0.07 (−0.01 to +0.13)** | +0.06 (+0.02 to +0.10)** | 0.59 |
| Δ MR grade | +1 (+0 to +1)** | +1 (+1 to +1)** | <0.001 |
*P<0.05 vs baseline; **p<0.001 vs baseline. Paired t-tests were used for comparison except for MR grade which was compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
ESE, exercise stress echocardiography; GLS, global longitudinal strain; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricular; MR, mitral regurgitation; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure.