Sociodemographic characteristics
| n=53 | n=15 (28.3) | n=38 (71.7) | ||
| Individual characteristics | ||||
| Age, years (median (IQR)) | 11 (9–14) | 9 (8–13) | 12 (10–14) | 0.14 |
| Female sex (n (%)) | 34 (64.2) | 10 (66.7) | 24 (63.2) | 0.81 |
| Family characteristics | ||||
| Type of house (n (%)) | 0.61 | |||
| Kachcha (mud roof) | 10 (18.9) | 2 (13.3) | 8 (21.1) | |
| Tin (tin roof) | 32 (60.4) | 9 (60.0) | 23 (60.5) | |
| Wooden (wooden roof) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | |
| Pakka (cement roof) | 10 (18.9) | 4 (26.7) | 6 (15.8) | |
| No of rooms (n (%)) | 0.79 | |||
| ≤3 | 28 (52.8) | 8 (53.3) | 20 (52.6) | |
| 4–6 | 23 (43.4) | 6 (40.0) | 17 (44.7) | |
| ≥7 | 2 (3.8) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (2.6) | |
| No of family members | ||||
| Adults per household (median (IQR)) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 0.86 |
| Children per household (median (IQR)) | 3 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (2–4) | 0.54 |
| Overcrowding (n (%)) | 17 (32.1) | 4 (26.7) | 13 (34.2) | 0.75 |
| Possessions (n (%)) | ||||
| Motorbike (≥1) | 7 (13.2) | 3 (20.0) | 4 (10.5) | 0.36 |
| Television connection (≥1) | 53 (100.0) | 15 (100.0) | 38 (100.0) | |
| Cellular phone (≥1) | 51 (96.2) | 15 (100.0) | 36 (94.7) | 1 |
| Internet connection | 50 (94.3) | 14 (93.3) | 36 (94.7) | 1 |
| Property of books (≥10) | 48 (90.6) | 14 (93.3) | 34 (89.5) | 1 |
| Estimated family income per month (USD) (n (%)) | 0.33 | |||
| 23–69 | 11 (20.8) | 2 (13.3) | 9 (23.7) | |
| 69–115 | 21 (39.6) | 5 (33.3) | 16 (42.1) | |
| 115–173 | 10 (18.9) | 3 (20.0) | 7 (18.4) | |
| 173–230 | 3 (5.7) | 1 (6.7) | 2 (5.3) | |
| 230–461 | 6 (11.3) | 4 (26.7) | 2 (5.3) | |
| >461 | 2 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.3) | |
| Characteristics of primary caregiver | ||||
| Age of primary caregiver (median (IQR)) | 37 (34–42) | 37 (34–45) | 36 (33–42) | 0.87 |
| Education of primary caregiver (n (%)) | 0.47 | |||
| Illiterate | 11 (20.8) | 5 (33.3) | 6 (15.8) | |
| Primary school/literate | 23 (43.4) | 6 (40.0) | 17 (44.7) | |
| Middle school certificate | 9 (17.0) | 1 (6.7) | 8 (21.1) | |
| High school certificate | 8 (15.1) | 2 (13.3) | 6 (15.8) | |
| Graduate or postgraduate | 2 (3.8) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (2.6) | |
| Occupation of primary caregiver (n (%)) | 0.21 | |||
| Unemployed | 4 (7.5) | 3 (20.0) | 1 (2.6) | |
| Unskilled worker | 23 (43.4) | 8 (53.3) | 15 (39.5) | |
| Semi-skilled worker | 6 (11.3) | 1 (6.7) | 5 (13.2) | |
| Skilled worker | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.9) | |
| Shop owner, farmer | 11 (20.8) | 1 (6.7) | 10 (26.3) | |
| Semiprofession | 3 (5.7) | 1 (6.7) | 2 (5.3) | |
| Profession | 3 (5.7) | 1 (6.7) | 2 (5.3) | |
| Socioeconomic score (median (IQR)) | 9 (7–12) | 8 (7–14) | 9 (7–12) | 0.87 |
| Characteristics of the school | ||||
| Urban school (n (%)) | 15 (28.3) | 2 (13.3) | 13 (34.2) | 0.13 |
| Governmental school (n (%)) | 40 (75.5) | 10 (66.7) | 30 (78.9) | 0.35 |