Patient characteristics
| EF1 <33% (n=96) | EF1 ≥33% (n=107) | P value | |
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 72±9 | 72±8 | 0.48 |
| Male sex | 64 (67) | 62 (58) | 0.2 |
| Hypertension | 58 (60) | 68 (64) | 0.65 |
| Beta blocker therapy | 19 (20) | 24 (22) | 0.65 |
| ACE-I or AT2R antagonist therapy | 37 (39) | 48 (45) | 0.36 |
| Diabetes | 16 (17) | 15 (14) | 0.6 |
| Previous PCI or myocardial infarction | 18 (19) | 7 (7) | 0.008 |
| Surgical cohort | 62 (65) | 46 (43) | 0.002 |
| New York Heart Association grade ≥2 | 55 (57) | 38 (36) | 0.002 |
| Canadian Cardiovascular score ≥2 | 26 (27) | 17 (16) | 0.047 |
| Biomarker | |||
| Brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 72 (29–133) | 55 (28–96) | 0.03 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LV end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 52 (43–61) | 46 (41–54) | 0.006 |
| LV end-systolic volume index (mL/m2) | 20 (16–26) | 16 (13–19) | <0.0001 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 59±11 | 67±8 | <0.0001 |
| Global longitudinal strain (%) | −16.0±4.0 | −18.7±3.2 | <0.0001 |
| Stroke volume index (mL/m2) | 41±8 | 43±8 | 0.04 |
| Transvalvular flow rate (mL/s) | 255±46 | 267±54 | 0.10 |
| LV ejection time (ms) | 306±34 | 308±30 | 0.70 |
| LV acceleration time (ms) | 112±20 | 107±17 | 0.10 |
| LV acceleration/ejection time index | 0.37±0.06 | 0.35±0.05 | 0.03 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 123±37 | 108±26 | 0.0009 |
| Left atrial volume index (ml/m2) | 39±11 | 37±10 | 0.19 |
| E/e' (septal and lateral average) | 13±5 | 12±4 | 0.83 |
| Early diastolic strain rate (1/s) | 0.77±29 | 0.93±0.32 | 0.0004 |
| Diastolic grade ≥2 | 31 (32) | 24 (22) | 0.11 |
| MRI myocardial fibrosis | |||
| Late gadolinium enhancement – all types* | 31 (45) | 21 (26) | 0.01 |
| Late gadolinium enhancement – midwall* | 20 (29) | 14 (21) | 0.24 |
| Late gadolinium enhancement – ischaemic* | 15 (22) | 3 (4) | 0.001 |
| Load | |||
| Aortic valve area (cm2) | 0.80±0.19 | 0.82±0.20 | 0.33 |
| Aortic mean gradient (mm Hg) | 47±18 | 47±17 | 0.9 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 143±16 | 142±16 | 0.71 |
| Systemic arterial compliance (mm Hg/mL/m2) | 1.3±0.3 | 1.3±0.4 | 0.27 |
| Valvulo-arterial impedance (mm Hg/mL/m2) | 4.8±1.1 | 4.5±0.9 | 0.03 |
| End-systolic wall stress (kdynes/cm2)* | 95 (79–120) | 74 (55–88) | <0.0001 |
ACE-I, ACE inhibitor; ACE-I, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AT2RA, angiotensin 2 receptor antagonist; EF1, first-phase ejection fraction; LV, left ventricular; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.