Baseline and periprocedural characteristics stratified by PVS
| Variable | All patients (n=564) | PVS ≤0% (n=345) | PVS >0% (n=219) | P value |
| Age, years | 82±7 | 82±7 | 83±7 | 0.23 |
| Male sex | 277 (49) | 160 (46) | 117 (53) | 0.10 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26 (23 to 30) | 28 (25 to 32) | 24 (21 to 27) | <0.001 |
| Logistic EuroSCORE | 14 (10 to 23) | 13 (9 to 21) | 16 (10 to 26) | 0.002 |
| Canadian cardiovascular society angina class ≥III | 6 (1) | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 0.68 |
| NYHA class ≥III* | 365 (65) | 218 (63) | 147 (67) | 0.36 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 125 (22) | 76 (22) | 49 (22) | 0.92 |
| Hypertension* | 440 (79) | 274 (79) | 166 (77) | 0.41 |
| Renal failure†* | 17 (3) | 6 (2) | 11 (5) | 0.03 |
| Pulmonary disease* | 136 (24) | 86 (25) | 50 (23) | 0.55 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 118 (21) | 61 (18) | 57 (26) | 0.02 |
| Atrial fibrillation/ flutter | 151 (27) | 101 (29) | 50 (23) | 0.09 |
| Prior cerebrovascular accident* | 42 (8) | 26 (8) | 16 (7) | 0.94 |
| Prior myocardial infarction* | 49 (9) | 31 (9) | 18 (8) | 0.74 |
| Prior cardiac surgery* | 126 (22) | 71 (21) | 55 (25) | 0.20 |
| Previous percutaneous coronary intervention* | 99 (18) | 67 (19) | 32 (15) | 0.15 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, n (%)* | 0.29 | |||
| Good (ejection fraction ≥50%) | 387 (69) | 241 (71) | 146 (68) | |
| Fair (ejection fraction 30%–49%) | 149 (27) | 85 (25) | 64 (30) | |
| Poor (ejection fraction <30%) | 22 (4) | 16 (5) | 6 (3) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 171 (30) | 98 (29) | 73 (33) | 0.24 |
| Triple vessel disease | 46 (8) | 30 (9) | 16 (7) | 0.54 |
| Aortic valve pathology* | 0.53 | |||
| Aortic stenosis | 533 (95) | 328 (96) | 205 (95) | |
| Aortic regurgitation | 13 (2) | 6 (2) | 7 (3) | |
| Mixed aortic valve disease | 14 (3) | 9 (3) | 5 (2) | |
| Severe aortic calcification* | 287 (55) | 190 (59) | 97 (48) | 0.02 |
| Mean aortic gradient, mm Hg* | 42±16 | 41±16 | 44±16 | 0.02 |
| Peak aortic gradient, mm Hg* | 75±25 | 73±25 | 79±25 | 0.01 |
| Aortic valve area, cm2* | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.9) | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.8) | 0.07 |
| Aortic annulus, mm* | 24 (22 to 25) | 23 (22 to 25) | 24 (22 to 25) | 0.38 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L* | 94 (74 to 115) | 93 (74 to 11) | 96 (76 to 118) | 0.21 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min* | 60 (46 to 76) | 61 (47 to 77) | 60 (46 to 75) | 0.36 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 120±18 | 127±17 | 110±13 | <0.001 |
| Calculated actual PV (mL) | 2730±501 | 2753±509 | 2693±487 | 0.17 |
| Calculated actual PV (mL/kg) | 38±4 | 36±3 | 42±2 | <0.001 |
| Ideal PV (mL), mean±SD | 2842±627 | 3042±623 | 2527±488 | <0.001 |
| PVS, % | −3±10 | −9±7 | 7±6 | --- |
| Valve type* | <0.001 | |||
| Sapien XT | 199 (36) | 121 (35) | 78 (36) | |
| Sapien 3 | 240 (43) | 159 (47) | 81 (37) | |
| Sapien | 69 (12) | 24 (7) | 45 (21) | |
| Other (eg, Lotus, Portico) | 52 (9) | 37 (11) | 15 (7) | |
| Valve delivery approach* | 0.002 | |||
| Femoral—percutaneous | 325 (58) | 216 (63) | 109 (50) | |
| Femoral—surgical cut down | 95 (17) | 56 (16) | 39 (18) | |
| Transapical | 140 (25) | 69 (20) | 71 (32) | |
| Other | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 0 | |
| Valve size, mm* | 26 (23 to 26) | 26 (23 to 26) | 26 (23 to 26) | 0.71 |
| Volume of contrast, mL* | 100 (60 to 120) | 100 (65 to 120) | 100 (60 to 130) | 0.71 |
| Vascular closure technique* | 0.007 | |||
| Percutaneous | 324 (58) | 213 (62) | 111 (51) | |
| Surgical | 237 (42) | 129 (38) | 108 (49) | |
| Valve-in-valve procedure* | 26 (5) | 17 (5) | 9 (4) | 0.64 |
| Blood transfusion* | 108 (19) | 43 (13) | 65 (30) | <0.001 |
| Anaesthesia | 0.29 | |||
| General anaesthesia | 489 (87) | 295 (86) | 194 (89) | |
| Conscious sedation | 75 (13) | 50 (14) | 25 (11) |
Data are n (%), mean±SD, or median (IQR).
P-values <0.05 are highlighted in bold
*Missing values: aortic valve area, 16; aortic valve pathology, 4; blood transfusion, 3; creatinine, 1; coronary artery disease, 3; estimated glomerular filtration rate, 1; EuroSCORE, 23; haemoglobin, 23; hypertension, 2; left ventricular ejection fraction, 6; mean aortic gradient, 24; NYHA class, 1; peak aortic valve gradient, 6; previous cardiac surgery, 1; ; previous cerebrovascular accident, 2; previous myocardial infarction, 2; previous percutaneous coronary intervention, 4; pulmonary disease, 2; renal failure, 2; severe aortic calcification, 41; vascular closure technique, 3; valve delivery approach, 1; valve-in-valve procedure, 3; valve size, 1; valve type, 4; volume of contrast, 42.
†Creatine >200 umol/L or on dialysis.
EuroSCORE, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PV, plasma volume; PVS, plasma volume status.