Patient characteristics
| Parameter | Total (n=156) | Heart failure (−) (n=144) | Heart failure (+) (n=12) | P value |
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 83 (80–86) | 83 (80–86) | 83 (83–86) | 0.439 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 48 (30.8) | 45 (31.2) | 3 (25.0) | 0.652 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.41 (1.29–1.54) | 1.41 (1.31–1.54) | 1.29 (1.23–1.47) | 0.070 |
| Coronary risk factors and medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 150 (96.2) | 139 (96.5) | 11 (91.7) | 0.400 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 86 (55.1) | 78 (54.2) | 8 (66.7) | 0.403 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 33 (21.1) | 32 (22.2) | 1 (8.3) | 0.258 |
| Current smoking | 11 (7.1) | 10 (6.9) | 1 (8.3) | 0.857 |
| Coronary artery disease | 43 (27.6) | 40 (27.8) | 3 (25.0) | 0.836 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 31 (19.9) | 29 (20.1) | 2 (16.7) | 0.772 |
| Previous CABG | 4 (2.6) | 4 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.559 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 9 (5.8) | 9 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.372 |
| Previous PCI | 28 (18.0) | 26 (18.1) | 2 (16.7) | 0.904 |
| Previous stroke | 19 (12.2) | 17 (11.8) | 2 (16.7) | 0.621 |
| Pulmonary disease | 30 (19.2) | 29 (20.1) | 1 (8.3) | 0.319 |
| Liver disease | 7 (4.5) | 7 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.435 |
| NYHA Class III or Ⅳ | 62 (39.7) | 54 (37.5) | 8 (66.7) | 0.047 |
| Clinical Frailty Scale | 4 (3–4) | 4 (3–4) | 4 (3–4) | 0.724 |
| STS-PROM score | 7.1 (5.2–10.4) | 7.0 (5.0–9.9) | 10.4 (7.4–13.1) | 0.006 |
| Laboratory data on admission | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 1.15 (1.03–1.27) | 1.16 (1.03–1.27) | 1.09 (1.06–1.18) | 0.431 |
| e-GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 49.9 (40.3–61.1) | 50.2 (40.5–62.2) | 41.5 (34.0–51.6) | 0.113 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | 3.6 (3.4–3.8) | 0.229 |
| Na (mEq/L) | 140 (139–142) | 140 (139–142) | 141 (139–142) | 0.933 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 200 (80–405) | 187 (76–386) | 600 (254–1286) | 0.006 |
| Drugs | ||||
| ACE-I or ARB | 95 (60.9) | 89 (61.8) | 6 (50.0) | 0.421 |
| β blocker | 44 (28.2) | 39 (27.1) | 5 (41.7) | 0.281 |
| Ca blocker | 78 (50.0) | 71 (49.3) | 7 (58.3) | 0.548 |
| Diuretic | 83 (53.6) | 74 (51.7) | 9 (75.0) | 0.121 |
| Tolvaptan | 23 (14.7) | 20 (13.9) | 3 (25.0) | 0.297 |
| Statin | 64 (41.0) | 59 (41.0) | 5 (41.7) | 0.963 |
| TTE data on admission | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 60 (55–65) | 60 (55–65) | 60 (53–64) | 0.754 |
| LV diastolic diameter (mm) | 43 (39–46) | 43 (39–46) | 42 (39–44) | 0.385 |
| LV systolic diameter (mm) | 25 (21–29) | 25 (21–30) | 25 (20–27) | 0.670 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 43 (39–46) | 43 (38–46) | 45 (43–47) | 0.154 |
| Mean AVPG (mm Hg) | 49 (37–64) | 49 (37–61) | 55 (47–76) | 0.231 |
| Peak AVPG (mm Hg) | 84 (68–108) | 83 (68–106) | 94 (80–121) | 0.317 |
| AVA index (cm2/m2) | 0.45 (0.40–0.52) | 0.45 (0.40–0.53) | 0.44 (0.43–0.49) | 0.620 |
| Moderate or severe AR | 22 (14.1) | 21 (14.6) | 1 (8.3) | 0.550 |
| Moderate or severe MR | 22 (14.1) | 19 (13.2) | 3 (25.0) | 0.259 |
| Moderate or severe TR | 13 (8.3) | 11 (7.6) | 2 (16.7) | 0.277 |
| Significant MS | 15 (9.6) | 10 (6.9) | 5 (41.7) | <0.001 |
| MAC | 99 (63.5) | 92 (63.9) | 7 (58.3) | 0.701 |
| E/A | 0.69 (0.55–0.83) | 0.67 (0.55–0.81) | 0.83 (0.70–0.92) | 0.174 |
| E/e’ | 23.8 (19.1–31.2) | 23.6 (18.8–31.2) | 29.2 (22.5–36.7) | 0.079 |
| Preprocedural CT data | ||||
| Annular area (mm2) | 385 (342–442) | 388 (342–447) | 368 (348–386) | 0.338 |
| Perimeter (mm) | 69.7 (65.6–74.6) | 69.9 (65.6–74.7) | 68.1 (66.2–70.5) | 0.376 |
| Calcium volume of AV (mm3) | 488 (336–722) | 490 (340–735) | 384 (308–605) | 0.497 |
| Calcium volume of MV (mm3) | 41 (0–472) | 41 (0–472) | 108 (0–478) | 0.959 |
Categorical variables are shown as numbers (percentages) and continuous variables are shown as medians (25–75th percentiles).
ACE-I, ACE-inhibitor; AR, aortic regurgitation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; AV, aortic valve; AVA, aortic valve area; AVPG, aortic valve pressure gradient; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BSA, body surface area; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; EF, ejection fraction by modified Simpson methods; e-GFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LV, left ventricle; MAC, mitral annular calcification; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; MV, mitral valve; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; STS-PROM, Society of Thoracic Surgery-Predicted Risk of Mortality; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; and TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.