Table 2

Univariate Cox regression analysis to identify predictors of ischaemic stroke

Characteristic	Ischaemic stroke
Characteristic	HR (95% CI)	P value
Demographics
Age (years)	1.04 (1.03 to 1.05)	<0.001
Age >75 years	1.89 (1.44 to 2.48)	<0.001
Sex (male)	0.74 (0.56 to 0.97)	0.03
Body mass index	0.99 (0.97 to 1.01)	0.37
History variables
Hypertension	1.46 (1.08 to 1.98)	0.02
Diabetes mellitus	1.13 (0.81 to 1.58)	0.48
Prior myocardial infarction	1.46 (1.04 to 2.07)	0.03
Prior CABG	1.56 (1.09 to 2.22)	0.01
Stroke or TIA	2.54 (1.82 to 3.53)	<0.001
Congestive heart failure	1.19 (0.90 to 1.56)	0.22
Cardiomyopathy	0.64 (0.45 to 0.92)	0.02
Smoking (current or former)	1.00 (0.76 to 1.31)	0.99
Chronic lung disease	0.99 (0.64 to 1.52)	0.95
Obstructive sleep apnoea	1.02 (0.72 to 1.45)	0.91
Peripheral arterial disease	1.46 (0.98 to 2.17)	0.06
CHA₂DS₂-VASc score	1.32 (1.21 to 1.44)	<0.001
Preprocedural haemodynamics
Heart rate	1.00 (0.99 to 1.01)	0.67
Duration of AF episode	–	0.32
<48 hour	0.97 (0.71 to 1.31)	0.83
<24 hours	2.72 (0.83 to 8.89)	0.10
24–48 hours	2.37 (0.74 to 7.57)	0.15
>2 days to <7 days	2.15 (0.68 to 6.77)	0.19
Preprocedural medications
Beta blocker	1.24 (0.93 to 1.64)	0.14
Calcium channel blocker (non-dihydropyridine)	1.45 (1.10 to 1.90)	0.008
Statin	0.97 (0.72 to 1.29)	0.81
ACE-I or ARB	1.16 (0.88 to 1.52)	0.29
Antiplatelets	1.07 (0.82 to 1.40)	0.64
Warfarin or NOACs	0.90 (0.68 to 1.22)	0.52
Antiarrhythmics	0.81 (0.60 to 1.10)	0.18
Echocardiography
Patent foramen ovale	0.81 (0.57 to 1.16)	0.24
Patent foramen ovale shunt direction	–	0.01
*No PFO	–	–
Right-to-left	1.74 (1.06–2.86)	0.03
Left-to-right	0.59 (0.36–0.94)	0.03
Bidirectional	0	0.97
Mean LAA emptying velocity	0.99 (0.98 to 0.996)	0.003
Spontaneous echo contrast (LA or LAA)	1.68 (1.24 to 2.27)	<0.001
Left atrial appendage thrombus	2.53 (1.19 to 5.37)	0.02
Severe left atrial enlargement	0.95 (0.72 to 1.27)	0.75
LV ejection fraction	1.01 (0.99 to 1.02)	0.37
Mitral regurgitation (>=moderate)	1.36 (1.02 to 1.81)	0.04
Discharge medications
Beta blocker	1.30 (0.98 to 1.73)	0.07
Calcium channel blocker (non-dihydropyridine)	1.29 (0.94 to 1.78)	0.12
Statin	0.95 (0.71 to 1.26)	0.71
ACE-I or ARB	1.17 (0.90 to 1.53)	0.25
Antiplatelets	0.95 (0.72 to 1.24)	0.69
Warfarin or NOACs	1.04 (0.68 to 1.60)	0.86
Antiarrhythmics	0.89 (0.66 to 1.18)	0.41
INR at discharge	1.03 (0.87 to 1.23)	0.74

* Reference category
ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CHA₂DS₂-VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 (doubled), diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack (doubled), vascular disease, age 65 to 74, female; INR, international normalised ratio; LA, left atrial; LAA, left atrial appendage; LV, left ventricular; NOACs, novel oral anticoagulants; PFO, patent foramen ovale; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.