Smoking status | |||||||
N | F | C | Comparisons between groups† | ||||
n=2106 | n=750 | n=589 | P value* | N versus F | N versus C | F versus C | |
Demographic and clinical parameters | |||||||
Age (years) | 50.1±3.6 | 50.9±3.5 | 49.6±3.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.027 | <0.001 |
Female | 57% | 60% | 51% | 0.007 | |||
Black race | 46% | 36% | 62% | <0.001 | |||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30±7 | 30±7 | 29±7 | 0.028 | 1.000 | 0.039 | 0.052 |
Education (years) | 16 (14–18) | 15 (13–16) | 13 (12–15) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 119±16 | 118±15 | 123±17 | <0.001 | 0.838 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 74±11 | 74±11 | 77±12 | <0.001 | 1.000 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
On antihypertensive medication (%) | 26 | 27 | 32 | <0.001 | |||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 192±36 | 193±37 | 193±41 | 0.781 | |||
HDL cholesterol (m/dL) | 58±17 | 59±18 | 56±20 | 0.017 | 0.194 | 0.281 | 0.013 |
On lipid-lowering medication (%) | 15 | 17 | 16 | 0.331 | |||
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 13 | 13 | 17 | 0.098 | |||
Alcohol consumption/day (mL) | 2 (0–12) | 5 (0–17) | 8 (0–27) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Echocardiography | |||||||
RVS' (cm/s) | 13.5±2.5 | 13.5±2.6 | 13.2±2.5 | 0.038 | 0.768 | 0.031 | 0.112 |
TAPSE (mm) | 2.56±0.50 | 2.57±0.53 | 2.45±0.50 | <0.001 | 1.000 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
RVe' (cm/s) | 12.7±3.3 | 12.3±3.0 | 11.8±3.0 | <0.001 | 0.024 | <0.001 | 0.027 |
LV end-diastolic volume (mL) | 112±31 | 110±31 | 113±30 | 0.192 | |||
LV end-systolic volume (mL) | 44±18 | 43±20 | 45±18 | 0.169 | |||
LV ejection fraction (%) | 61±7 | 62±7 | 61±7 | 0.092 | |||
LV mass index (g/m2) | 82±21 | 84±21 | 89±22 | <0.001 | 0.021 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
LV longitudinal strain (%) | −15.1±2.4 | −15.3±2.4 | −14.7±2.3 | <0.001 | 0.489 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
E wave (cm/s) | 79±16 | 78±17 | 79±17 | 0.465 | |||
LV lateral wall e' (cm/s) | 11.9±2.9 | 11.7±2.8 | 11.2–2.8 | <0.001 | 0.656 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
LV E/e' | 7.0±2.3 | 7.0±2.3 | 7.6±2.9 | <0.001 | 1.000 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
LA volume index (mL/m2) | 24.5±6.9 | 24.5±7.0 | 25.0±7.2 | 0.343 | |||
PASP (mm Hg) | 31.1±5.7 | 30.8±5.6 | 32.1±7.7 | 0.794 | |||
TAPSE/PASP (mm/mm Hg) | 0.84 (0.71–0.98) | 0.84 (0.68–1.00) | 0.76 (0.64–0.94) | 0.003 | 0.985 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
Pulmonary function | |||||||
FEV1 (L) | 3.1±0.8 | 3.1±0.8 | 2.9±0.8 | <0.001 | 1.000 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
FVC (L) | 3.9±1.0 | 4.0±1.0 | 3.8±1.0 | 0.006 | 1.000 | 0.019 | 0.007 |
FEV1/FVC | 0.80 (0.76–0.84) | 0.78 (0.75–0.82) | 0.78 (0.73–0.82) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.255 |
CAC score (>0 AU) | 24% | 30% | 41% | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean±SD if normally distributed and as median (IQR) if non-normally distributed; categorical variables are reported as counts (%).
*Test for trend for continuous variables, and χ2 test for categorical variables.
†Student t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
AU, Agatston unit; C, current; CAC, coronary artery calcium; E/e', Ratio of pulsed-Doppler derived E-wave from mitral inflow to tissue-Doppler derived left ventricular lateral e'; F, former; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; N, never; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RVe', right ventricular early diastolic velocity; RVS', right ventricular peak systolic velocity; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.