Risk of incident venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with resting heart rate: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 2000–2015
| Resting heart rate | ≤60 bpm | 60–69 bpm | 70–79 bpm | ≥80 bpm | P for trend | Per 10 bpm increment |
| N | 2434 | 2540 | 1143 | 362 | – | 6479 |
| VTE; n (%) | 83 (3.4) | 75 (3.0) | 52 (4.6) | 26 (7.2) | – | 236 (3.6) |
| Person-years | 30 559 | 31 820 | 14 013 | 4219 | – | 80 610 |
| Incidence rate (95% CI)* | 2.72 (2.19 to 3.37) | 2.36 (1.88 to 2.96) | 3.71 (2.83 to 4.87) | 6.16 (4.20 to 9.05) | – | 2.93 (2.58 to 3.33) |
| HRs (95% CI)† | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 0.92 (0.67 to 1.25) | 1.47(1.04to2.08) | 2.49(1.60to3.88) | <0.001 | 1.24(1.09to1.41) |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 0.88 (0.65 to 1.21) | 1.31 (0.92 to 1.87) | 2.01(1.28to3.15) | 0.004 | 1.17(1.02to1.33) |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.20) | 1.33 (0.93 to 1.91) | 2.08(1.31to3.30) | 0.004 | 1.18(1.03to1.35) |
| Model 4 | 1 (reference) | 0.90 (0.66 to 1.24) | 1.37 (0.95 to 1.96) | 2.05(1.29to3.26) | 0.003 | 1.18(1.03to1.35) |
Bolded values are statistically significant, p<0.05.
*Incidence rate is unadjusted and per 1000 person-years.
†Adjusted HRs per models as follows:
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex and race/ ethnicity.
Model 2: model 1 plus education, BMI and log (physical activity).
Model 3: model 2 plus smoking status, diabetes, eGFR, AV nodal blocker use, anticoagulant use and aspirin use.
Model 4: model 3 plus log (hsCRP), log (IL-6), log (fibrinogen) and log (D-dimer).
AV, atrioventricular; BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; MET, metabolic equivalent of task.