Risk of incident venous thromboembolism associated with resting heart rate excluding participants on AV-nodal blockers: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), 2000–2015
| Resting heart rate | ≤60 bpm | 60–69 bpm | 70–79 bpm | ≥80 bpm | P for trend | Per 10 bpm increment |
| N | 2011 | 2252 | 1055 | 332 | – | 5650 |
| VTE; n (%) | 62 (3.1) | 63 (2.8) | 50 (4.7) | 24 (7.2) | – | 199 (3.5) |
| Person-years | 25 499 | 28 414 | 12 937 | 3909 | – | 70 760 |
| Incidence rate (95% CI)* | 2.43 (1.90 to 3.12) | 2.22 (1.73 to 2.84) | 3.86 (2.93 to 5.10) | 6.14 (4.11 to 9.16) | – | 2.81 (2.45 to 3.23) |
| HRs (95% CI)† | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.35) | 1.69 (1.16to2.46) | 2.60(1.62to4.18) | <0.001 | 1.32(1.15to1.52) |
| Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 0.90 (0.63 to 1.28) | 1.48 (1.01to2.16) | 2.01(1.24to3.27) | 0.002 | 1.22(1.06to1.41) |
| Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.31) | 1.51 (1.03to2.22) | 2.14(1.31to3.49) | 0.001 | 1.24(1.07to1.44) |
| Model 4 | 1 (reference) | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.36) | 1.56 (1.06to2.31) | 2.13(1.30to3.48) | 0.001 | 1.25(1.08to1.45) |
Bolded values are statistically significant, P<0.05.
*Incidence rate is unadjusted and per 1000 person-years.
†Adjusted HRs per Models as follows:
Model 1 is adjusted for age, sex and race/ ethnicity.
Model 2: model 1 plus education, BMI and log (physical activity).
Model 3: model 2 plus smoking status, diabetes, eGFR, AV nodal blocker use, anticoagulant use and aspirin use.
Model 4: model 3 plus log (hsCRP), log (IL-6), log (fibrinogen) and log (D-dimer).
AV, atrioventricular; BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; VTE, venous thromboembolism.