General characteristics of study subjects
| Variable | No-HF (n=159) | HFrEF (n=47) | HFpEF (n=32) | P value |
| Age (years) | 61.8±11.5 | 65.9±10.7 | 62.9±8.6 | 0.09 |
| Male | 145 (91) | 46 (98) | 28 (88) | 0.18 |
| Race | ||||
| African-American | 72 (45) | 31 (66) | 16 (50) | 0.04* |
| Caucasian | 74 (47) | 15 (32) | 15 (47) | 0.20 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.5 (25.7, 33.1) | 27.9 (24.2, 32.9) | 35 (29.3, 41.7) | 0.0007†‡ |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 68.9±13 | 69±11.9 | 67.4±11.9 | 0.84 |
| Ejection duration (ms) | 319±30 | 311±47 | 325±33 | 0.27 |
| Current smoker | 43 (28) | 15 (33) | 8 (25) | 0.73 |
| Hypertension | 118 (75) | 41 (89) | 29 (91) | 0.03 |
| Diabetes | 64 (41) | 27 (59) | 18 (56) | 0.04* |
| Coronary artery disease | 47 (30) | 24 (51) | 11 (34) | 0.03* |
| Drug therapy | ||||
| Beta blocker | 74 (47) | 43 (91) | 24 (75) | <0.0001*† |
| ACE-inhibitor/ARB | 80 (51) | 37 (79) | 26 (81) | <0.0001*† |
| Calcium-channel blocker | 41 (26) | 12 (26) | 13 (41) | 0.23 |
| Spironolactone | 3 (2) | 6 (13) | 4 (13) | 0.002*† |
| Statin | 103 (65) | 36 (77) | 21 (66) | 0.33 |
| Aspirin | 84 (53) | 37 (79) | 19 (59) | 0.007* |
| Thiazide | 34 (22) | 11 (23) | 5 (16) | 0.74 |
| Loop diuretics | 2 (1) | 35 (74) | 23 (72) | <0.0001*† |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)§ | 86 (65, 99.8) | 74 (56.5, 92.3) | 84 (63, 99) | 0.056* |
| LV EF (%) | 59.6 (52.2, 65.6) | 36.6 (23.7, 42.5) | 61.4 (58, 70.3) | <0.0001*‡ |
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 30.7 (23.8, 39.5) | 46.1 (35.7, 65.3) | 36.6 (26.4, 49.9) | <0.0001* |
| LV EDVI (mL/m2) | 69.9 (58.4, 82.4) | 102.7 (85.8, 141.4) | 69.1 (56.7, 79.5) | <0.0001*‡ |
| LV mass index BSA (g/m2) | 64.5 (56.9, 76.5) | 88.6 (77.9, 107.1) | 72 (59.3, 83.2) | <0.0001*‡ |
| Mitral E-wave velocity (cm/s) | 69.5 (58.1, 85.5) | 74.3 (54.7, 93.6) | 69.6 (60.5, 92.7) | 0.54 |
| Mitral E-wave deceleration time (ms) | 210 (170, 240) | 180 (140, 220) | 220 (170, 270) | 0.06 |
| Mitral A-wave velocity (cm/s) | 74.6±21.7 | 62.3±22.3 | 74.7±19.6 | 0.008* |
| Mitral annular e’, septal (cm/s) | 7.58 (5.9, 9.65) | 5.61 (4.12, 7.9) | 6.77 (5.24, 8.19) | 0.0007* |
Values are mean±SD or mean (95% CI), or counts (percentages).
*p<0.05 for No-HF vs HFrEF.
†p<0.05 for No-HF vs HFpEF.
‡p<0.05 for HFrEF vs HFpEF.
§eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation.
ACE, angiotensin convertase enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BSA, body surface area; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; LV, left ventricular.