Characteristics of HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF
| Characteristic | HFrEF | HFmrEF | HFpEF | P value | |
| N=100 | N=34 | N=137 | trend | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | 73.2 (11.6) | 77.2 (12.0) | 77.1 (11.3)* | 0.021 |
| Male, n (%) | Mean (SD) | 71 (71.0%) | 19 (55.9%)† | 43 (31.4%)* | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | 26.3 (4.9) | 28.8 (7.8) | 26.7 (6.2) | 0.923 0 |
| Heart rate per min | Mean (SD) | 93.9 (26.8) | 92.3 (26.8) | 92.8 (22.2) | 0.896 |
| BP systolic, mm Hg | Mean (SD) | 140.9 (31.2) | 143.9 (28.0) | 143.5 (29.3) | 0.326 |
| BP diastolic, mm Hg | Mean (SD) | 83.1 (22.0) | 80.6 (20.6) | 75.1 (16.5)* | 0.008 |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | Mean (SD) | 57.8 (22) | 63.3 (21.2) | 68.1 (21.4)* | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, per min | Mean (SD) | 23.4 (7.3) | 21.8 (5.4) | 23.4 (6.8) | 0.656 |
| NT-proBNP, ng/L | Mean (SD) | 8700 (8701) | 6151 (7598)† | 2987 (3392)* | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP in intervals | 0–422 | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (6.6%)* | <0.001 |
| Groups ng/L | 423–845 | 4 (4.0%) | 4 (11.8%) | 11 (8.0%) | |
| 846–1690 | 10 (10.0%) | 8 (23.5%) | 34 (24.8%) | ||
| 1691+ | 85 (85.0%) | 22 (64.7%) | 83 (60.6%) | ||
| Clinical signs of heartfailure | |||||
| Dyspnoea at rest | Number (%) | 42 (42.0) | 12 (35.3) | 74 (54.0) | 0.057 |
| Functional dyspnoea | Number (%) | 86 (86.0) | 30 (88.2) | 126 (92.0) | 0.140 |
| Dyspnoea when walking stairs | Number (%) | 99 (99.0) | 33 (97.1) | 133 (97.1) | 0.331 |
| Rales on auscultation | Number (%) | 51 (51.0) | 14 (41.2) | 62 (45.3) | 0.405 |
| Rhonchi on auscultation | Number (%) | 23 (23.0) | 7 (20.6)† | 60 (43.8)* | 0.001 |
| Congestion on chest X-ray | Number (%) | 41 (41.0)‡ | 5 (14.7) | 28 (20.4)* | 0.001 |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| LVEF % | Mean (SD) | 27.4 (7.4)‡ | 44.0 (2.8)† | 58.5 (5.7)* | <0.001 |
| LV mass index, | Mean (SD) | 117.7 (31.3)‡ | 97.4 (20.6)† | 87.8 (23.0)* | <0.001 |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | Mean (SD) | 59.6 (16.0) | 58.7 (20.4)† | 51.8 (15.9)* | 0.001 |
| IVSd (cm) | Mean (SD) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2)† | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.206 |
| LVDd (cm) | Mean (SD) | 5.5 (0.7)‡ | 5.0 (0.7)† | 4.6 (0.6)* | <0.001 |
| PWTd (cm) | Mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2)* | 0.003 |
*P<0.05 for individual comparison: HFrEF versus HFpEF.
†P<0.05 for individual comparison: HFmrEF versus HFpEF.
‡P<0.05 for individual comparison: HFrEF versus HFmrEF.
BP, blood pressure; EF, ejection fraction; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, HF due to midrange EF; HFpEF, HF with preserved EF; HFrEF, HF due to reduced EF; IVSd, interventricular septum in diastole; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricular; LVDd, left ventricular diameter in diastole; PWTd, posterior wall thickness in diastole.