Baseline characteristics of patients with and without diabetes mellitus
| Characteristics | Subjects with DM (n=94) | Subjects without DM (n=260) | P value |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 68±11.3 | 63±8.4 | 0.002 |
| Male sex | 74.5% | 56.9% | 0.003 |
| Caucasian | 92.6% | 92.3% | 1.00 |
| Medical history | |||
| Smoker | 15.2% | 15.5% | 1.00 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 25.5% | 21.2% | 0.39 |
| Hypertension | 91.5 | 69.6% | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 58.5% | 28.46% | <0.001 |
| Prior MI | 14.9% | 13.5% | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 30.9% | 19.6% | 0.24 |
| COPD | 21.2% | 20.2% | 0.89 |
| CVA/TIA | 22.3% | 8.5% | <0.001 |
| CKD | 27.7% | 4.2% | <0.001 |
| Prior CABG | 29.8% | 9.2% | <0.001 |
| Prior percutaneous coronary intervention | 40.4% | 22.3% | 0.001 |
| Medications | |||
| ACE-I/ARB | 70.2% | 47.3% | <0.001 |
| Beta blocker | 74.5% | 56.8% | 0.003 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 4.3% | 3.5% | 0.75 |
| Loop diuretics | 31.9% | 16.6% | 0.003 |
| Nitrates | 17.0% | 10.8% | 0.14 |
| Statin | 81.9% | 61.4% | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 78.7% | 68.0% | 0.06 |
| Warfarin | 21.3% | 18.6% | 0.65 |
| Clopidogrel | 27.7% | 14.7% | 0.008 |
| Biomarkers | |||
| Angiopoietin-1 (ng/mL), median (25th–75th percentiles) | 6.4 (4.3, 8.58) | 6.8 (5, 11) | 0.05 |
| Eotaxin-1 (pg/mL), median (25th–75th percentiles) | 108 (42.5, 150.5) | 97 (42.5, 144) | 0.10 |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (mIU/mL), median (25th–75th percentiles) | 8.7 (4.55, 29.25) | 9.7 (4.15, 41.5) | 0.38 |
| Interleukin-23 (ng/mL), median (25th–75th percentiles) | 2.8 (2.23, 3.38) | 2.5 (2, 3.2) | 0.06 |
| Kidney injury molecule-1 (ng/mL), median (25th–75th percentiles) | 0.07 (0.04, 0.12) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.05) | <0.001 |
| Midkine (ng/mL), median (25th–75th percentiles) | 18 (13.25, 26) | 13 (9.9, 19) | <0.001 |
All continuous variables are displayed as mean±SD, unless otherwise specified.
ACE-I/ARB, ACE inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft;CKD, chronic kidney disease;COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;CVA/TIA, cerebrovascular accident/transient ischaemic attack;DM, diabetes mellitus; MI, myocardial infarction.