Baseline characteristics (1993) by heart rate groups
| Parameters | RHR<55 (n=109) | 55≤RHR<65 (n=249) | 65≤RHR<75 (n=248) | RHR≥75 (n=192) | P value |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Never smokers, n (%) | 47 (43.1) | 88 (35.3) | 73 (29.4) | 50 (26.0) | 0.001 |
| Previous smokers, n (%) | 39 (35.8) | 101 (40.6) | 86 (34.7) | 67 (34.9) | 0.030 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 23 (21.1) | 60 (24.1) | 89 (35.9) | 75 (39.1) | 0.010 |
| Sedentary lifestyle, n (%) | 9 (8.3) | 30 (12.0) | 43 (17.3) | 43 (22.4) | 0.003 |
| Sleeping time per night, hour, mean±SD | 6.9±0.8 | 7.0±0.8 | 6.9±1.0 | 7.0±1.1 | 0.709 |
| Mental stress, n (%) | 10 (9.3) | 31 (12.5) | 51 (20.6) | 32 (16.8) | 0.020 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2, mean±SD | 25.5±2.9 | 26.1±3.3 | 26.4±3.2 | 26.6±4.0 | 0.026 |
| Waist circumference, cm, mean±SD | 92.2±8.7 | 94.0±8.9 | 95.9±8.6 | 97.5±11.0 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg, mean±SD | 124.5±15.2 | 126.5±17.4 | 128.5±16.5 | 134.1±17.4 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg, mean±SD | 81.4±10.8 | 82.7±9.9 | 85.1±10.0 | 87.4±11.3 | <0.001 |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 7 (6.5) | 13 (5.2) | 13 (5.2) | 17 (8.9) | 0.371 |
| Hyperlipidaemia, | 4 (3.7) | 5 (2.0) | 8 (3.2) | 17 (8.9) | 0.005 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 3 (2) | 0.894 |
| Diabetes | 0 | 4 (2) | 6 (2.4) | 9 (4.7) | 0.206 |
| Stroke | 1 (1) | 0 | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0.349 |
| Lung disease | 9 (8.3) | 18 (7.2) | 16 (6.5) | 13 (6.8) | 0.937 |
| Laboratory characteristics, mean±SD | |||||
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.7±0.9 | 5.9±1.1 | 5.9±1.0 | 6.1±1.1 | 0.016 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.2±0.7 | 1.6±1.0 | 1.8±1.3 | 1.9±1.2 | <0.001 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.43±0.4 | 1.31±0.3 | 1.28±0.3 | 1.26±0.3 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mmol/L | 90.4±6.9 | 90.8±11.5 | 91.5±9.5 | 91.1±10.0 | 0.766 |
| NT-pro-BNP, pg/mL | 41.2±45.8 | 32.8±31.1 | 36.3±51.2 | 34.4±43.3 | 0.403 |
| IL-6 | 2.2±1.6 | 2.6±2.0 | 2.7±2.7 | 3.5±6.7 | 0.015 |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; Bpm, beats per min; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IL-6, interleukin 6; NT-pro-BNP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; RHR, resting heart rate.