Table 2

Association of any childhood or adolescent/adult household secondhand tobacco smoke exposure with echocardiographic measures of cardiac structure and function

	Minimally adjusted β (SE)	P values	Fully adjusted β (SE)	P values
LV mass index, gm/m²	1.7 (1.9)	0.38	1.4 (1.8)	0.42
LV end-systolic volume, mL	−1.4 (1.0)	0.15	−1.2 (0.8)	0.14
LV end-diastolic volume, mL	−3.6 (2.0)	0.07	−3.2 (1.7)	0.05
LVEF, %	0.3 (0.4)	0.57	0.3 (0.4)	0.51
LV stroke volume, mL	0.2 (1.4)	0.86	0.5 (1.3)	0.71
LV longitudinal strain (four-chamber), %	0.1 (0.3)	0.84	0.02 (0.3)	0.94
LV longitudinal strain (two-chamber), %	0.9 (0.5)	0.07	0.8 (0.4)	0.06
LV longitudinal strain average), %	0.5 (0.3)	0.10	0.4 (0.3)	0.12
Medial E’ velocity, cm/s	−0.2 (.1)	0.19	−0.1 (0.1)	0.31
Lateral E’ velocity, cm/s	−0.2 (0.3)	0.50	−0.07 (0.2)	0.77
E/E’	0.1 (0.3)	0.67	0.1 (0.3)	0.63
E/A ratio	−0.02 (0.02)	0.43	−0.02 (0.02)	0.41
Isovolumic relaxation time, s	0.001 (0.002)	0.45	0.001 (0.001)	0.34
Peak RA/RV gradient, mm Hg	0.4 (0.6)	0.54	0.5 (0.5)	0.36
TAPSE, cm	−0.04 (0.05)	0.45	−0.02 (0.04)	0.57
RV fractional area change, %	−0.01 (0.01)	0.25	−0.007 (0.009)	0.39
Left atrial volume index, mL/m²	0.6 (0.5)	0.24	0.7 (0.5)	0.13

Linear regression analyses adjusting for the following variables.
Minimally adjusted: age and sex.
Fully adjusted: age, sex, study site, alcohol use, physical activity and years of education.
E/A, E/A velocity; E/E’, E/E’velocity ratio; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; RA, right atrial; RV, right ventricular; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.