Table 4

Association of current number of household smokers that regularly smoke in the home and echocardiographic measures of cardiac structure and function in Echo-SOL

	1 Household smoker (N=123)				2+ Household smokers (N=31)
	Minimally adjusted β (SE)	P values	Fully adjusted β (SE)	P values	Minimally adjusted β (SE)	P values	Fully adjusted β (SE)	P values
LV mass index, gm/m2	5.3 (3.1)	0.09	4.6 (3.2)	0.15	−3.5 (5.1)	0.50	−3.0 (4.7)	0.52
LV end-systolic volume, mL	1.6 (1.3)	0.23	1.7 (1.3)	0.18	3.2 (2.2)	0.14	3.3 (2.1)	0.12
LV end-diastolic volume, mL	0.5 (2.8)	0.87	1.4 (2.7)	0.59	3.7 (4.4)	0.41	4.1 (4.4)	0.35
LVEF, %	−1.8 (0.6)	0.003	−1.4 (0.6)	0.02	−1.8 (1.0)	0.06	−1.7 (1.0)	0.07
LV stroke volume, mL	0.5 (2.2)	0.82	2.0 (2.2)	0.37	−1.4 (3.8)	0.72	−0.7 (3.7)	0.84
LV longitudinal strain (four-chamber), %	1.4 (0.4)	0.002	1.1 (0.4)	0.01	−1.3 (1.2)	0.27	−1.5 (1.3)	0.26
LV longitudinal strain (two-chamber), %	0.9 (0.5)	0.08	0.6 (0.5)	0.20	−1.7 (1.5)	0.27	−1.5 (1.3)	0.26
LV longitudinal strain (average), %	1.2 (0.4)	0.006	0.9 (0.4)	0.03	−1.5 (1.3)	0.25	−1.5 (1.2)	0.23
Medial E’ velocity, cm/s	−0.7 (0.2)	0.0004	−0.5 (0.2)	0.01	0.7 (0.4)	0.11	0.9 (0.5)	0.0599
Lateral E’ velocity, cm/s	−0.7 (0.4)	0.06	−0.5 (0.4)	0.18	0.5 (0.8)	0.51	0.8 (0.8)	0.36
E/E’	0.006 (0.4)	0.99	−0.05 (0.4)	0.88	−1.4 (0.6)	0.026	−1.6 (0.6)	0.016
E/A ratio	−0.1 (0.03)	0.005	−0.09 (0.03)	0.003	0.02 (0.06)	0.74	0.03 (0.06)	0.68
Isovolumic relaxation time, s	0.007 (0.003)	0.02	0.006 (0.003)	0.04	−0.002 (0.007)	0.76	−0.002 (0.006)	0.69
Peak RA/RV gradient, mm Hg	−0.6 (0.9)	0.54	−0.21 (0.92)	0.82	−2.1 (2.0)	0.31	−2.1 (2.1)	0.32
TAPSE, cm	−0.04 (0.06)	0.5	−0.01 (0.06)	0.85	−0.02 (0.2)	0.92	−0.03 (0.1)	0.84
RV fractional area change, %	−0.03 (0.01)	0.002	−0.02 (0.01)	0.01	0.01 (0.03)	0.71	0.006 (0.03)	0.83
Left atrial volume index, mL/m²	−1.5 (0.8)	0.06	−0.9 (0.8)	0.24	−1.9 (1.4)	0.19	−1.7 (1.2)	0.16

Linear regression analyses adjusting for the following variables.
Minimally adjusted: age and sex.
Fully adjusted: age, sex, study site, alcohol use, physical activity and years of education.
Bold denotes p value <0.05.
Reference: participants who currently do not live with a tobacco smoker who regularly smokes in the home.
LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.