Table 3

Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses of the association of childhood and adolescent/adult chronic household secondhand smoke exposure with echocardiographic measures of cardiac structure and function in The Echocardiographic Study of Latinos (Echo-SOL)

	Childhood only (N=215)				Adolescent/adult only (N=86)				Childhood and adolescent/adult (N=314)
	Minimally adjusted β (SE)	P values	Fully adjusted β (SE)	P values	Minimally adjusted β (SE)	P values	Fully adjusted β (SE)	P values	Minimally adjusted β (SE)	P values	Fully adjusted β (SE)	P values
LV mass index, g/m²	1.1 (2.0)	0.58	0.7 (2.0)	0.73	−1.0 (2.3)	0.65	−0.8 (2.3)	0.73	1.7 (1.8)	0.35	1.5 (1.7)	0.38
LV end-systolic volume, mL	−1.1 (0.9)	0.19	−1.3 (0.8)	0.12	−2.0 (1.1)	0.07	−1.6 (1.1)	0.16	−0.4 (0.9)	0.67	−0.2 (0.8)	0.81
LV end-diastolic volume, mL	−3.5 (1.8)	0.053	−3.5 (1.8)	0.059	−3.4 (2.4)	0.15	−2.8 (2.3)	0.23	−1.3 (2.0)	0.51	−0.9 (1.7)	0.59
LVEF, %	−0.3 (0.5)	0.64	0.008 (0.5)	0.99	1.4 (0.6)	0.02	1.2 (0.6)	0.04	−0.5 (0.5)	0.91	−0.06 (0.4)	0.89
LV stroke volume, mL	−1.3 (1.5)	0.41	−0.6 (1.5)	0.7	−1.8 (2.1)	0.38	−2.3 (2.0)	0.25	1.4 (1.7)	0.42	1.5 (1.5)	0.35
LV longitudinal strain (four-chamber), %	0.6 (0.4)	0.09	0.5 (0.4)	0.15	−0.8 (0.6)	0.19	−0.7 (0.6)	0.25	−0.2 (0.4)	0.97	−0.06 (0.3)	0.84
LV longitudinal strain (two chamber), %	0.5 (0.4)	0.25	0.3 (0.4)	0.38	−0.08 (0.7)	0.90	−0.3 (0.7)	0.73	0.8 (0.4)	0.06	0.8 (0.4)	0.049
LV longitudinal strain (average), %	0.6 (0.3)	0.09	0.5 (0.3)	0.16	−0.4 (0.6)	0.5	−0.4 (0.6)	0.50	0.5 (0.3)	0.15	0.4 (0.3)	0.18
Medial E’ velocity, cm/s	−0.2 (0.2)	0.24	−0.08 (0.2)	0.58	−0.03 (0.2)	0.91	0.0003 (0.2)	0.999	−0.1 (0.2)	0.48	−0.1 (0.1)	0.43
Lateral E’ velocity, cm/s	−0.2 (0.3)	0.45	−0.1 (0.3)	0.65	0.3 (0.4)	0.43	0.5 (0.4)	0.21	−0.2 (0.2)	0.43	−0.2 (0.2)	0.48
E/E’	−0.2 (0.3)	0.38	−0.3 (0.3)	0.29	0.07 (0.4)	0.86	−0.009 (0.4)	0.98	0.3 (0.3)	0.26	0.4 (0.3)	0.14
E/A ratio	−0.07 (0.02)	0.002	−0.06 (0.02)	0.008	0.01 (0.04)	0.70	0.01 (0.04)	0.75	0.02 (0.02)	0.45	0.02 (0.02)	0.47
Isovolumic relaxation time, s	0.002 (0.001)	0.08	0.002 (0.001)	0.15	−0.003 (0.002)	0.06	−0.003 (0.002)	0.03	0.001 (0.002)	0.56	0.001 (0.001)	0.34
Peak RA/RV gradient, mm Hg	0.4 (0.7)	0.57	0.5 (0.7)	0.46	0.02 (0.8)	0.98	0.3 (0.8)	0.69	0.2 (0.6)	0.78	0.2 (0.6)	0.7
TAPSE, cm	−0.04 (0.04)	0.37	−0.03 (0.04)	0.55	0.05 (0.08)	0.49	0.04 (0.08)	0.57	−0.04 (0.05)	0.43	−0.03 (0.05)	0.53
RV fractional area change, %	−0.02 (0.01)	0.09	−0.02 (0.01)	0.095	−0.01 (0.03)	0.68	−0.004 (0.03)	0.88	−0.001 (0.01)	0.93	0.003 (0.009)	0.70
Left atrial volume index, mL/m²	−0.7 (0.6)	0.23	−0.4 (0.6)	0.48	1.8 (0.9)	0.045	1.7 (0.8)	0.04	0.5 (0.7)	0.41	0.5 (0.6)	0.40

Linear regression analyses adjusting for the following variables.
Minimally adjusted: age and sex.
Fully adjusted: age, sex, study site, alcohol use, physical activity and years of education.
Bold denotes p value <0.05.
Reference: participants who report no childhood or adolescent/adult chronic household exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke.
LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.