Number | Study | Country | Sex | Smokeless tobacco Status | Cigarette smoking status | Condition | Measure | Estimates (95% CI) | Adjustment factors |
1 | Huhtasaari et al
37
1999 | Sweden | M | Former | Never | IHD | OR | 1.23 (0.54 to 2.82) | Age, area |
2 | Accortt et al
33
2002 | USA | M | Ever | Never | IHD | HR | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) | Age, race, income, alcohol, exercise, diet, blood pressure, cholesterol, BMI |
3 | Accortt et al
33
2002 | USA | F | Ever | Never | IHD | HR | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.2) | Age, race, income, alcohol, exercise, diet, blood pressure, cholesterol, BMI |
4 | Accortt et al
33
2002 | USA | M | Ever | Never | Stroke | HR | 0.7 (0.2 to 2.0) | Age, race, income, alcohol, exercise, diet, blood pressure, cholesterol, BMI |
5 | Accortt et al
33
2002 | USA | F | Ever | Never | Stroke | HR | 1.0 (0.3 to 2.9) | Age, race, income, alcohol, exercise, diet, blood pressure, cholesterol, BMI |
6 | Henley et al
34
2005 (CPS I) | USA | M | Current | Never | IHD | HR | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.21) | Age, race, education, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
7 | Henley et al
34
2005 (CPS I) | USA | M | Current | Never | Stroke | HR | 1.46 (1.31 to 1.64) | Age, race, education, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
8 | Henley et al
34
2005 (CPS I) | USA | M | Current | Never | Other CID | HR | 1.05 (0.91 to 1.22) | Age, race, education, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
9 | Henley et al
34
2005 (CPS II) | USA | M | Current | Never | IHD | HR | 1.26 (1.08 to 1.47) | Age, race, education, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
10 | Henley et al
34
2005 (CPS II) | USA | M | Current | Never | Stroke | HR | 1.40 (1.10 to 1.79) | Age, race, education, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
11 | Henley et al
34
2005 (CPS II) | USA | M | Current | Never | Other CID | HR | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.39) | Age, race, education, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
12 | Henley et al
34
2005 (CPS II) | USA | M | Former | Never | IHD | HR | 0.70 (0.52 to 0.95) | Age, race, education, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
13 | Henley et al
34
2005 (CPS II) | USA | M | Former | Never | Stroke | HR | 1.21 (0.83 to 1.76) | Age, race, education, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
14 | Henley et al
34
2005 (CPS II) | USA | M | Former | Never | Other CID | HR | 1.20 (0.83 to 1.72) | Age, race, education, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
15 | Hergens et al
40
2005 | Sweden | M | Current | Never | IHD | OR | 0.73 (0.35 to 1.50) | Age, hospital area |
16 | Hergens et al
40
2005 | Sweden | M | Former | Never | IHD | OR | 1.20 (0.46 to 3.10) | Age, hospital area |
17 | Johansson et al
23
2005 | Sweden | M | Current | Never | IHD | HR | 1.41 (0.61 to 3.28) | Age, physical activity, BMI, diabetes, hypertension |
18 | Haglund et al
24
2007 | Sweden | M | Current | Non-current | IHD | IRR | 0.77 (0.51 to 1.15) | Age, area, socioeconomic status, exercise, health |
19 | Haglund et al
24
2007 | Sweden | M | Current | Non-current | Stroke | IRR | 1.07 (0.65 to 1.77) | Age, area, socioeconomic status, exercise, health |
20 | Henley et al35
2007 | USA | M | Current | Former | IHD | HR | 1.13 (1.00 to 1.29) | Age, race, education, previous smoking, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
21 | Henley et al35
2007 | USA | M | Current | Former | Stroke | HR | 1.24 (1.01 to 1.53) | age, race, education, previous smoking, BMI, exercise, alcohol, employment, diet, aspirin |
22 | Hergens et al
25
2007 | Sweden | M | Former | Never | IHD | HR | 0.76 (0.55 to 1.05) | Age, BMI, region of residence |
23 | Wennberg et al
39
2007 | Sweden | M | Former | Never | IHD | OR | 0.66 (0.32 to 1.34) | Age, sex, BMI, physical activity, education, cholesterol |
24 | Hergens et al
26
2008 | Sweden | M | Former | Never | Stroke | HR | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.02) | age, BMI, region of residence |
25 | Hergens et al
32
2008 | Sweden | M | Current | Never | Hypertension | HR | 1.43 (1.12 to 1.83) | Age, BMI, region of residence |
26 | Hergens et al
32
2008 | Sweden | M | Former | Never | Hypertension | HR | 0.85 (0.40 to 1.79) | Age, BMI, region of residence |
27 | Roosaar et al
27
2008 | Sweden | M | Ever | Never (daily) | IHD | HR | 1.15 (0.97 to 1.37) | Age, period, area, alcohol consumption, age×period, age×smoking, age×area |
28 | Hansson et al
28
2009 | Sweden | M | Former | Never | IHD | HR | 1.07 (0.56 to 2.03) | Age, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol |
29 | Hansson et al
28
2009 | Sweden | M | Former | Never | Stroke | HR | 1.35 (0.65 to 2.82) | Age, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol |
30 | Mushtaq et al
11
2010 | USA | M and F | Current | Never | IHD and stroke | OR | 1.14 (0.55 to 2.39) | Age, race, sex, BMI |
31 | Mushtaq et al
11
2010 | USA | M and F | Former | Never | IHD and stroke | OR | 1.25 (0.77 to 2.03) | Age, race, sex, BMI |
32 | Yatsuya et al
10
2010 | USA | M | Current | Non-current | IHD and stroke | HR | 1.31 (1.06 to 1.61) | Age, sex, race, education, income, alcohol, exercise, cigarette smoking, cigar and pipe use, secondhand smoke exposure |
33 | Yatsuya et al
10
2010 | USA | M | Former | Non-current | IHD and stroke | HR | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.11) | Age, sex, race, education, income, alcohol, exercise, cigarette smoking, cigar and pipe use, secondhand smoke exposure |
34 | Arefalk et al
30
2012 | Sweden | M | Current | Any* | Heart failure | HR | 2.09 (1.00 to 4.39) | Age, smoking, BMI, alcohol, occupation, health conditions |
35 | Arefalk et al
30
2012 | Sweden | M | Current | Never | Heart failure | HR | 1.24 (0.97 to 1.59) | Age, BMI, region, prior heart attack, blood pressure |
36 | Arefalk et al
30
2012 | Sweden | M | Former | Never | Heart failure | HR | 0.99 (0.44 to 2.22) | Age, BMI, region, prior heart attack, blood pressure |
37 | Hansson et al
18
2012 | Sweden | M | Current | Never | IHD | HR | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.17) | Age, BMI |
38 | Arefalk et al
31
2014 | Sweden | M and F | Continuing | Any | Cardiovascular events | HR | 0.38 (0.11 to 1.32) | Age, sex, smoking, health conditions, body measures, medications, occupation, exercise |
39 | Hansson et al
19
2014 | Sweden | M | Current | Never | Stroke | HR | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.17) | Age, BMI |
40 | Timberlake et al
9
2017 | USA | M | Current | Never | IHD | HR | 1.24 (1.05 to 1.46) | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, family income |
41 | Timberlake et al
9
2017 | USA | M | Current | Never | Stroke | HR | 0.92 (0.67 to 1.27) | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, family income |
42 | Timberlake et al
9
2017 | USA | M | Former | Never | IHD | HR | 0.93 (0.66 to 1.30) | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, family income |
43 | Timberlake et al
9
2017 | USA | M | Former | Never | Stroke | HR | 1.33 (0.81 to 2.18) | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, family income |
*Estimates for any cigarette smoking status were calculated for study participants without restriction by current or former smoking status.
BMI, body mass index; CID, circulatory disease; CPS, Cancer Prevention Study; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; IRR, incidence rate ratio.