Baseline characteristics of the patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and the control patients
| CHF | Control | P values | |
| (n=108) | (n=15) | ||
| Male (%) | 57 (53) | 4 (27) | 0.058 |
| Age | 66±15 | 60±13 | 0.187 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.5±3.0 | 17.8±2.6 | 0.730 |
| Vital signs | |||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 70±11 | 75±14 | 0.085 |
| Resting systolic BP (mm Hg) | 112±17 | 116±13 | 0.379 |
| Resting diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 64±12 | 69±13 | 0.099 |
| Aetiology | |||
| Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (%) | 38 (35) | – | – |
| Valvular (%) | 70 (65) | – | – |
| Coronary risk factors | |||
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 6 (6) | 0 (0) | 0.353 |
| Hypertension (%) | 52 (48) | 6 (40) | 0.557 |
| Hyperlipidaemia (%) | 34 (32) | 1 (7) | 0.046 |
| Ever smoked (%) | 37 (34) | 5 (33) | 0.944 |
| Baseline use of medications | |||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB (%) | 62 (57) | 3 (20) | 0.006 |
| β-blocker (%) | 46 (43) | 2 (13) | 0.030 |
| Aldosterone receptor antagonist (%) | 32 (30) | 0 (0) | 0.014 |
| Loop diuretic (%) | 48 (44) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| Alb (g/dL) | 4.2±0.4 | 4.4±0.2 | 0.043 |
| UA (mg/dL) | 6.0±1.7 | 4.4±1.3 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 65.5 (53.5–73.5) | 74.5 (64.6–98.5) | 0.028 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 140.7±3.5 | 141.3±1.4 | 0.511 |
| T-bil (mg/dL) | 0.8±0.5 | 0.7±0.3 | 0.282 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.20±0.45 | 0.03±0.02 | 0.157 |
| hsTnT (ng/mL) | 0.012 (0.006–0.020) | – | – |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 175.4 (73.8–287.3) | 25.5 (11.6–37.0) | 0.001 |
| Echocardiogram | |||
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 49±16 | 60±2 | 0.013 |
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 62 (41–82) | 35 (27–41) | 0.039 |
| E/e′ ratio | 14.0±6.3 | 7.9±2.3 | <0.001 |
| TRPG (mm Hg) | 28.9±10.1 | 21.0±7.1 | 0.014 |
| Haemodynamic data | |||
| Mean PCWP (mm Hg) | 11.5±6.0 | – | – |
| Mean PAP (mm Hg) | 19.0±6.4 | – | – |
| Mean RAP (mm Hg) | 4.3±3.0 | – | – |
| CI (L/min/m2) | 2.96±0.6 | – | – |
| SvO2 (%) | 68.7±5.9 | – | – |
Values are means±SD, median (IQR), or n (%).
Alb, albumin; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; CI, cardiac index; CRP, C-reactive protein; E/e', ratio of early transmitral velocity to tissue Doppler mitral annular velocity during early diastole; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hsTnT, high-sensitivity troponin T; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; RAP, right atrial pressure; SvO2, mixed venous oxygen saturation; T-bil, total bilirubin; TRPG, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient; UA, uric acid.