Baseline characteristics of subjects who developed HFpEF, HFrEF or VHF during follow-up
| HFpEF n=73 | HFrEF n=53 | VHF n=36 | P values HFpEF vs HFrEF | P values HFpEF vs VHF | P values HFrEF vs VHF | |
| Age at enrolment (years) | 76 (71–79) | 74 (71–79) | 72 (68–79) | 0.52 | 0.11 | 0.26 |
| Male | 33 (45%) | 43 (81%) | 22 (61%) | <0.0001 | 0.15 | 0.052 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 144±19 | 145±19 | 141±17 | 0.84 | 0.42 | 0.34 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 80±10 | 80±13 | 76±10 | 0.96 | 0.08 | 0.14 |
| PP (mm Hg) | 64±16 | 65±15 | 65±17 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.96 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 68 (62, 75) | 69 (61, 79) | 67 (60, 79) | 0.70 | 0.82 | 0.63 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31 (28, 35) | 29 (26, 31) | 28 (24, 31) | 0.005 | <0.0001 | 0.10 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 107±12 | 104±14 | 98±12 | 0.30 | 0.0007 | 0.029 |
| Hypertension | 68 (93%) | 47 (89%) | 30 (83%) | 0.52 | 0.17 | 0.54 |
| Diabetes | 30 (41%) | 10 (19%) | 4 (11%) | 0.011 | 0.0018 | 0.39 |
| Myocardial infarction | 19 (26%) | 16 (30%) | 2 (6%) | 0.69 | 0.010 | 0.006 |
| Coronary revascularisation | 20 (27%) | 16 (30%) | 6 (17%) | 0.84 | 0.24 | 0.21 |
| Stroke/TIA | 13 (18%) | 5 (9%) | 3 (8%) | 0.21 | 0.25 | 1.00 |
| PVD | 4 (5%) | 7 (13%) | 4 (11%) | 0.20 | 0.44 | 1.0 |
| AF | 23 (32%) | 6 (11%) | 8 (22%) | 0.0097 | 0.37 | 0.24 |
| Pacemaker | 4 (5%) | 3 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 1.0 | 0.30 | 0.27 |
| OSA | 11 (15%) | 8 (15%) | 2 (6%) | 1.00 | 0.21 | 0.19 |
| Smoker (current or former) | 38 (52%) | 34 (64%) | 21 (58%) | 0.20 | 0.55 | 0.66 |
| Alcohol>2 drinks/day* | 11 (15%) | 15 (28%) | 13 (36%) | 0.079 | 0.025 | 0.49 |
| Biochemistry and haematology | ||||||
| NT-proBNP (pmol/L) | 37 (23, 70) | 38 (20, 80) | 32 (14, 72) | 0.62 | 0.25 | 0.47 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 65±17 | 68±18 | 69±19 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.82 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.3±1.5 | 14.2±1.6 | 13.8±1.5 | 0.0015 | 0.12 | 0.20 |
| WCC (x109/L) | 8.2 (6.7, 9.2) | 7.1 (6.1, 7.9) | 7.3 (5.8, 8.3) | 0.0057 | 0.019 | 0.86 |
| Platelets (x109/L) | 233 (188, 277) | 210 (179, 235) | 204 (171, 236) | 0.0070 | 0.063 | 0.58 |
| Medication | ||||||
| β-Blocker | 34 (47%) | 16 (30%) | 11 (31%) | 0.069 | 0.15 | 1.0 |
| ACE inhibitor | 24 (33%) | 22 (42%) | 16 (44%) | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.83 |
| ARB | 39 (53%) | 19 (36%) | 12 (33%) | 0.070 | 0.066 | 0.83 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 58 (79%) | 40 (75%) | 26 (72%) | 0.67 | 0.47 | 0.81 |
| CCB | 19 (26%) | 21 (40%) | 11 (31%) | 0.12 | 0.65 | 0.50 |
| Statin | 48 (66%) | 30 (57%) | 19 (53%) | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.83 |
| Thiazide diuretic | 27 (37%) | 12 (23%) | 9 (25%) | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.80 |
| Loop diuretic | 13 (17.8%) | 4 (7.5%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0.12 | 0.14 | 1.0 |
| Aspirin | 30 (41%) | 28 (53%) | 15 (42%) | 0.21 | 1.0 | 0.39 |
| NSAID | 11 (15%) | 8 (15%) | 4 (11%) | 1.0 | 0.77 | 0.76 |
| Clopidogrel | 10 (13.7%) | 7 (13.2%) | 2 (5.6%) | 1.0 | 0.33 | 0.30 |
| Warfarin | 13 (17.8%) | 2 (3.8%) | 5 (13.9%) | 0.024 | 0.79 | 0.11 |
Data shown as mean±SD, median (IQR) or n (%).
*Refers to consumption of more than two standard drinks on any day.
AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; PP, pulse pressure; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; VHF, valvular heart failure; WCC, white cell count.