Echocardiographic characteristics
| Total | No LE | LE | P values | |
| n=146 | n=89 | n=57 | ||
| Standard echocardiography | ||||
| Cardiac dimensions | ||||
| LVEDD (mm) | 47±5 | 47±5 | 46±6 | 0.150 |
| LVESD (mm) | 29±4 | 30±4 | 28±5 | 0.012 |
| IVSd (mm) | 10.0±2.4 | 9.0±1.5 | 11.7±2.6 | <0.001 |
| LVPWd (mm) | 9.9±2.4 | 8.9±1.7 | 11.5±2.5 | <0.001 |
| LVMI (g/m²) | 92±30 | 82±23 | 108±32 | <0.001 |
| RWT | 0.43±0.13 | 0.38±0.08 | 0.51±0.15 | <0.001 |
| RVD_middle (mm) | 27±4 | 27±5 | 26±5 | 0.478 |
| RAA (cm²) | 14±3 | 14±3 | 14±3 | 0.458 |
| LAVI (mL/m²) | 24±9 | 21±6 | 28±11 | <0.001 |
| RV function | ||||
| TAPSE (mm) | 23.0±3.9 | 23.8±3.7 | 21.8±4.0 | 0.002 |
| sPAP (mm Hg) | 26±7 | 25±5 | 27±9 | 0.136 |
| LV systolic function | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 66±6 | 65±6 | 68±6 | 0.007 |
| LV diastolic function | ||||
| E wave (cm/s) | 87±19 | 86±16 | 89±21 | 0.343 |
| E/A ratio | 1.47±0.54 | 1.5±0.5 | 1.4±0.6 | 0.653 |
| DT (ms) | 207±50 | 203±43 | 214±58 | 0.173 |
| IVRT (ms) | 89±24 | 79±17 | 104±27 | <0.001 |
| Septal e′ (cm/s) | 8.6±3.3 | 10.1±2.9 | 6.3±2.3 | <0.001 |
| Septal E/e′ ratio | 11.7±5.8 | 9.1±3.1 | 15.8±6.7 | <0.001 |
| Lateral e′ (cm/s) | 11.9±4.2 | 13.7±3.8 | 9.2±3.1 | <0.001 |
| Lateral E/e′ ratio | 8.3±3.7 | 6.7±2.0 | 10.7±4.3 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic dysfunction | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 95 (65.1) | 76 (85.4) | 19 (33.3) | |
| Mild | 24 (16.4) | 10 (11.2) | 14 (24.6) | |
| Moderate | 19 (13.0) | 3 (2.1) | 16 (28.1) | |
| Severe | 8 (5.5) | 0 | 8 (14.0) | |
| Speckle-tracking imaging (18 segments averaged) | ||||
| LS_sys (%) | −17.9±3.3 | −18.9±2.5 | −16.3±3.7 | <0.001 |
| LSr_sys (s−1) | −0.99±0.16 | −1.03±0.15 | −0.94±0.17 | 0.001 |
| LSr_E (s−1) | 1.36±0.41 | 1.49±0.39 | 1.16±0.36 | <0.001 |
| LSr_A (s−1) | 0.66±0.23 | 0.66±0.22 | 0.65±0.25 | 0.938 |
| E/LSr_E (cm) | 69.0±25.3 | 60.5±16.3 | 82.6±30.8 | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean±SD, and categorical variables are presented with counts and percentages.
P<0.05 vs no LE group.
DT, deceleration time of E wave; E wave, mitral inflow early diastolic filling velocity; E/A ratio, the ratio of mitral inflow early filling velocity to late diastolic filling velocity; E/e′, the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to mitral annular tissue velocity; E/LSr_E, the ratio of mitral inflow early diastolic filling velocity to LSr_E; e′, tissue Doppler-derived mitral annular early diastolic velocity; IVRT, isovolumetric relaxation time; IVSd, end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness; LAVI, left atrial volume indexed to body surface area; LE, late gadolinium enhancement; LS_sys, longitudinal systolic strain; LSr_A, longitudinal late diastolic strain rate; LSr_E, longitudinal early diastolic strain rate; LSr_sys, longitudinal systolic strain rate; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVMI, left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area; LVPWd, end-diastolic posterior wall thickness; RAA, end-systolic right atrial area; RV, right ventricle; RVD, end-diastolic mid-right ventricular diameter; RWT, relative wall thickness sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.