Table 2

Echocardiographic characteristics before and after squatting EX

	Controls (n=25)	All patients (n=68)	Without CR (n=39)	With CR (n=29)	P value *
E/E' ratio at rest	7±3	12±3	12±3	11±4	0.81
EDV, mL/m²
At rest	67±11	102±27	105±29	99±23	0.32
After EX	67±13	104±30	110±33†	98±25	0.09
Δ (absolute)	0±5	2±11	5±12	−1±11	0.03
ESV, mL/m²
At rest	32±6	71±25	75±25	67±24	0.19
After EX	26±8†	70±30	81±30†	57±24†	<0.001
Δ (absolute)	−6±5	−1±12	6±11	−10±8	<0.001
EF, %
At rest	56±3	32±10	31±10	34±10	0.12
After EX	63±7†	35±12†	29±11†	43±10†	<0.001
Δ (absolute)	7±3	3±7	−2±4	9±4	<0.001
SV, mL/m²
At rest	36±6	31±9	31±10	32±8	0.54
After EX	42±7†	34±10†	29±8	41±8†	<0.001
Δ (absolute)	6±2	3±8	−2±6	9±7	<0.001
CI, L/min/m²
At rest	2.7±0.7	2.4±0.8	2.5±0.9	2.3±0.7	0.32
After EX	4.3±0.9†	3.3±1.4†	2.9±0.8†	3.8±1.2†	0.008
Δ (absolute)	1.6±0.4	0.9±1.2	0.4±0.6	1.5±0.9	<0.001
Heart rate, 1/min
At rest	71±7	79±17	81±18	77±14	0.43
After EX	111±25†	99±25†	103±24†	94±26†	0.11
Δ (absolute)	40±8	19±17	19±16	19±17	0.93
Systolic BP, mm Hg
At rest	120±6	114±18	116±20	112±17	0.43
After EX	156±14	155±35†	156±40†	153±19†	0.52
Δ (absolute)	36±6	30±25	27±27	26±19	0.42

Mean and SD (±).
*As in table 1.
† P<0.01 between rest and after exercise assessed with appropriate test.
BP, blood pressure; CI, cardiac index; CR, contractile reserve;E/E', ratio of pulsed-wave Doppler-derived early diastolic transmitral flow and tissue Doppler-derived early diastolic velocity obtained from the lateral mitral annulus; EDV, end-diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; ESV, end-systolic volume; EX, exercise; SV, stroke volume.