Table 4

Multilevel generalised linear model of total annual healthcare costs after SVR in postintervention years 1–4

Total costs	Children (0–18 years, n=325)			Adults (>18 years, n=13 944)
Parameter	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value
Intercept	16 931	−36 190 to 70 051	0.533	11 338	9906 to 12 770	<0.0001
Time (compared with year 1 excluding intervention costs)
Intervention period*	21 841	20 857 to 22 825	<0.0001	25 492	25 248 to 25 736	<0.0001
Year 2	−11 519	−67 302 to 44 264	0.686	−2904	−3779 to −2030	<0.0001
Year 3	−14 952	−67 272 to 37 368	0.576	−1862	−3421 to −302	0.019
Year 4	−6170	−64 405 to 52 065	0.836	396	−1627 to 2420	0.701
Death				6106	4784 to 7428	<0.0001
Age (compared with elderly)
Children (0–18 years)
Young adults (19–60 years)				−1179	−2290 to −68	0.038
Middle aged (61–70 years)				−2441	−3359 to −1524	<0.0001
Male	1133	−30 369 to 32 635	0.944	−1110	−1911 to −310	0.007
Comorbidity (compared with no comorbidity)
COPD, DM, kidney disease and/or HF				6543	5328 to 7757	<0.0001
Hypertension				1309	67 to 2550	0.039
Other comorbidities				1990	218 to 3761	0.028
SES†(compared with highest SES: 71–100)
SES 0–20	8553	−36 202 to 53 308	0.708	1160	34 to 2285	0.044
SES 21–40	2878	−41 065 to 46 821	0.898	301	−823 to 1426	0.599
SES 41–70	2505	−37 038 to 42 048	0.901	887	−128 to 1901	0.087
Complications
Atrial fibrillation				2985	1673 to 4296	<0.0001
Acute kidney inury				19 639	16 611 to 22 667	<0.0001
Stroke				7755	6181 to 9329	<0.0001
TIA				623	−2157 to 3403	0.661
Endocarditis				21 572	18 999 to 24 144	<0.0001
Myocardial infarction				13 192	9291 to 17 092	<0.0001
Pacemaker implantation				15 947	13 816 to 18 079	<0.0001
Reintervention				30 094	25 455 to 34 733	<0.0001

NB: 3622 SVR and all TVI patients were excluded because follow-up <1 year.
*Includes costs of heart valve implantation and ICU stay but no other costs of the first postintervention year (these are included in the reference group of this variable).
†Higher percentiles represent higher SES.
COPD, chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HF, heart failure; ICU, intensive care unit; SES, socioeconomic status; SVR, surgical heart valve replacement; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.